How Can We Find Happiness from Sports Research Paper

How Can We Find Happiness from Sports - Research Paper Example Tackling the initial half first; sports can be defined as the competitive or cooperative activities, which are usually physical in nature and performed between either individuals or a team (Delaney & Madigan, 2009, 23). There are various kinds of sports, but two main categories are indoor and outdoor sports. Soccer, tennis and Cricket are a few of the most popular outdoor sports worldwide. Diehard fans that play such sports themselves physically or follow it by watching it on media are very passionate about these games and it is amongst the favourite hobbies of many people. If their teams or preferred players are victorious in their fixtures they are overwhelmed with happiness, however the opposite happens if their selection is defeated. This is so because many people derive happiness from sports by deviating their minds from other worries and stress related activities. When they do so they look for an escape where they can feel positive and gain hope and inspiration from? Victory in sports for their team gets them this happiness they look for. This is further evidenced by various scholars, who regard sports to have a direct linkage with our moods, and its ability to either make us happy or upset according to its outcome (Forsyth, 2010, 80). Here the favourable outcome is related to victory, and thus being victorious in the sport is the main aim for all the ones participating or watching it. Sports also becomes a reason for happiness when they bring about a positive improvement in one’s health, as being healthy is directly related with having a good mood according to various researches (Kahneman, 2003, 364). In order to stay abreast with the high level of competition in today’s fast- paced world, many people have the excuse that their busy schedules are the reason they cannot devote any time to exercise (Weinberg & Gould, 1995, 420). However, by being active in sports which are physical in nature even for a short session every alternate day can be the most effective way in keeping such people fit and away from a sedentary lifestyle. Another benefit of sport is that it keeps people away from unproductive activities which they might otherwise have indulged in, if they were not playing or following sports. Sports which are physical take up a lot of energy of the person and once done, people prioritise the rest of their chores and responsibilities for the day and only carry out the ones really worth doing. Consequently they skip those events which were unproductive from the start. This way they do not feel guilty by doing anything wrong and therefore feel content and satisfied with the way they spent their time. ‘Guilt’ is a very strong emotion which can really weigh us down if its cause is not identified and solved. It adds immensely to depression and can be the eventual catalyst towards many physical ailments as well. Thus being content with oneself is the process which keeps people happy and cheerful about themse lves. Sport also teaches us the importance of cooperation and through indulging in sports, men and women both learn the value of team work and collaboration (Delaney & Madigan, 2009, 22). They learn that more can be achieved through working with others and this keeps them away from being selfish or self-serving (Delaney & Madigan, 2009, 22). By working in cooperation and helping out others who are weak there is no gap left in the overall performance as all resources are utilized. Through working together, a better

Bodhi-Dharma Definition Essay Example for Free

Bodhi-Dharma Definition Essay Historical Background Bodhi-Dharma (è  ©Ã¦  Ã© â€Ã¦â€˜ ©) was an Indian Buddhist monk who came to China from India in the first quarter of the sixth century. He brought Mahayana Buddhism to China. Coming to China, he stayed nine years at the Shao-lin Temple (Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¦Å¾â€"Ã¥ ¯ º), located in He-nan Province (æ ² ³Ã¥ â€"çÅ" ). Bodhi-Dharma is well-known in connection to a story expressed by the phrase â€Å"Wall Contemplation Nine Years (é  ¢Ã¥ £ Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥ ¹ ´)†. From the philosophy and practice represented by this phrase, the Chinese Zen Buddhism originated and developed in ensuing generations. The Bodhi-Dharma is respected as the First Zu (First patriarch) of Chinese Zen Buddhism. It is said that he was born as the third prince of a kingdom of south India. Name of the kingdom is expressed with two Chinese characters é ¦â„¢Ã¨â€¡ ³. Late in his life, he left India. It was the year 520 CE (or 527 CE) when he arrived at Guang-zhou of south China by taking a sea route. It is not welll known which course he took on the way. This article proposes a tentative account that the route he took was the Sea Silk-Road. Chinese historical literature describes what took place at the time when he left India. â€Å"He met the King and told him of his wish to go to China. The King tried to persuade him to stay in his home land, but Bodhi-Dharma was determined to go. There was no longer anything for the King to do but to prepare a large boat with necessary items for a safe voyage. His hope was for the future return of Bodhi-Dharma (preferably with the same boat). On the day of departure, the King accompanied Bodhi-Dharma up to the harbor, together with the families of his relatives and vassals. At this moment, there were none who were not in tears. After a three-year voyage, the ship of Bodhi-Dharma arrived at Guang-zhou of south 1 China. There, the local governor came to greet him. It was September of the year 520. It was the time of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty (æ ¢ Ã¦Å" , æ ­ ¦Ã¥ ¸ )。 was informed of this event. He  Knowing it, the emperor invited Bodhi-Dharma to the capital Jian-kang (now Nan-jing). During his stay at the capital, it is said that there was the following dialogue between the Emperor Wu and Bodhi-Dharma. The Emperor  asked: â€Å"I have constructed many temples for Buddhists and used to serve for transcribing a number of Buddhism sutras. What karmic merit is promised?† Bodhi-Dharma replied: â€Å"No merit (ç„ ¡Ã¥Å Å¸Ã¥ ¾ ³)†. The kingdom where Bodhi-Dharma was born is recorded as †Ã© ¦â„¢Ã¨â€¡ ³Ã¢â‚¬  in Chinese literatures. At the time of Tang dynasty (618 907) established a hundred years later from the time of Bodhi-Dharma, it is likely that é ¦â„¢Ã¨â€¡ ³ is pronounced as â€Å"Kang-zhi†. This is close to â€Å"Kanchi† (-puram), an old capital town in the state Tamil-Nadu of south India (the part ‘puram’ means a town or a state in the sense of earlier times). It was a capital of Pallava Dynasty at the time when Bodhi-Dharma was living. The Pallava Dynasty is recorded as an oceanic state, trading with Mediterranean countries to the west and with China, Siam, Fiji and others to the east. It is conjectured that Bodhi-Dharma departed from Kanchipuram to the nearest port Mamallapuram and emba rked from there. On the other hand, from the time of Former Han Dynasty (å‰ Ã¦ ¼ ¢, established in 206BC) more than two thousands years ago, China also traded by sea with south-east Asia, India, Middle-east and Mediterranean countries by using large oceanic boats. It is said that return journey took four years or so between China and Middle-east. In China at the time of 3rd century, oceanic boats were called â€Å"Konron-chuan†. â€Å"Konron (Ã¥ ´â€˜Ã¥ ´â„¢)† meant the area of south-east Asia in general. A picture shows that an early-time trading boat is equipped with wooden arms on its both sides (supposed, for stability). It is noteworthy that there are remains described as China-Pagoda in a trading harbor-town (Nakapattinam) of south India near Sri-Lanka island. This was built by the order of a Chinese king for the sake of Chinese Buddhists who came to India from China for trade or for pilgrimage (perhaps in the 8th century). Kanchipuram is famous now in India as a town of quality silk cloths. Even Indian Buddhist monks used silk goods. This is written in the travel record [2] by Yi Jing (ç ¾ ©Ã¦ µâ€ž, 635 713). Original silks were likely imported from China, although mulberry trees (for silkworms) were planted in south India too. Some sources record that Yi Jing wrote a letter during his stay in Java (691) and sent it to the authorities of Tang Dynasty (at the time of Wu Zetian æ ­ ¦Ã¥â€°â€¡Ã¥ ¤ ©), in which he asked to construct a China Pagoda in India. This corresponds to the above record in India. Sea Route of Fa-Xian (Buddhist monk, 335 -423) A number of Buddhist monks visited India from China and vice versa. A record of most famous travel is that of Xuan-Zang (629-645), who took the land route both ways to and from India. In an earlier travel by Fa-Xian (399 412), he took a land (mountain) route on his way to India and returned back by a sea route. Why Fa-Xian took the sea route on his return is not written in his travel record. It is conjectured that he wanted to avoid steep and dangerous mountain routes because his age had advanced to over seventy at the time. Beginning his way back to China, he stayed at a town at the mouth of the Ganges river and waited for two years to take a large commercial ship. During his stay, he has transcribed Buddhism texts (and possibly looked for a person or a merchant who would assist him on his return journey). By taking advantage of seasonal (monsoon) wind in the beginning of winter, his ship arrived at the island of Simhala (now Sri-Lanka) after fourteen days. It is well known that there is a seasonal wind from the north-east along the east coast of India in the Bengal Bay. After he had stayed for two years in Sri-Lanka too, he took a large ship (possibly helped by another merchant). The number of passengers on board was more than two hundreds. They embarked for the east. In the beginning there was favorable seasonal wind, but from the third day a storm occurred. After thirteen days, they arrived at an island. It is speculated that it was one of Nicobal islands. Tending to repairs due to flooding of the ship, they resumed their journey. After nine or ten days (or ninety days by another reading) by passing through the Strait of Malacca, they arrived at a harbor in Sumatra or Java islands. Fa-Xian stayed there for five months. His trip route is shown by the thick solid curve in the figure (Reference [3]). Route of Fa-Xian (thick solid line) and a speculated route of Bodhi Dharma (dotted line) Helped by another merchant, he took a large ship bound for China where two hundred passengers were on board. Guessing the size of the ship, it could be one corresponding to two carriage cars of a modern electric train connected  side by side and one underneath them. A relief of a big ship remains in Borobudur’s Buddhist structures (below) on the Java Island, which suggests such a ship as Fa-Xian took. Ship relief in Borobudur. They embarked with food on board of fifty days, but they encountered a storm on the way and drifted on the East China Sea. Eighty days after their departure, they arrived at a place on the south coast of Shan-dong Peninsula of China. This was a voyage that occurred at a time a hundred years before Bodhi Dharma. At his time, it appears that voyages across the Indian Ocean by using the monsoon seasonal wind are well-known. It is likely that such a sea route would have been recommended to Fa-Xian. According to modern data of observation, there is Monsoon wind in the Indian Ocean from Indian side to Malay Peninsula from May to September every year. Sea Route of Bodhi Dharma Bodhi Dharma’s ship departed Mamallapuram, a main port closest to Kanchipuram, and headed for Sri-Lanka. This is just a conjecture. It is likely that they stayed there a couple of months waiting for favorable monsoon wind, preparing for the great journey crossing the Indian Ocean. It might take another couple of months to get to a port in Sumatra or Java island. It may have taken a half or more of a year (depending on circumstances) since he departed his home country Kanchipuram. It is likely that he may have been invited by a royal family at the place he was staying, or that he stayed at a temple for rain retreat in summer time according to the Buddhist custum, or that he spent half a year by preparing his next journey, waiting for a favorable wind, or trading. Once everything was ready, they finally embarked for Guang-Zhou, China. It may have taken two months or so to get to their destination. Two years should have been sufficient time for the whole journey. The â€Å"three years† written in the record may imply that it was the third year since he departed his home country, rather than that it took full three years. Bodhi Dharma according  to old records was born in Kanchipuram of south India., and his final place of rest was at the Bear-Ear Mountain of He-Nan Province of China, where there is a temple Kong-Xing Si to commemorate Bodhi-Dharma. However, in the ancient town Kanchipuram where Bodhi-Dharma is supposed to have grown up, there is nothing to remind us of him. It is considerd that there were many Buddhist structures in Kanchipuram, but most of them were destroyed by the ravages of time and by the opponents of Buddhism. At the present time, it is a sacred town of Hinduism. Historical remains related to Buddhism found in that region are very limited in number, although one can come across a large number of Buddhist remains in the Hindu temples of this antique city. Devotees and interested individuals from different countries may wish to be informed and experience some sense of this great person Bodhi-Dharma in Kanchipuram. Currently, a project is being planned by those who intend to build a memorial structure at the land (in Kanchipuram) owned by the Institute of Asian Studies (Chennai, India). This article is written with the hope and confidence in worldwide spiritual support for this endeavor.

Consider How Changes In Political Ideology Impact Social Work Essay

Consider How Changes In Political Ideology Impact Social Work Essay Social policy is about social well-being and its policies are designed to promote this, social well-being is for everyone and its to ensure that everyone gets treated impartially and according to their needs. This may include areas such as housing, education and social care. According to the HM Treasurys spending review 2010-11 the vast majority of money was spent on Welfare and Health this illustrates that these two sectors especially welfare are major factors within our society and are a priority. However some political ideology can have impact on social policy in regards to how money is spent and in what ways. Social welfare and policy is provided by the government and social policies are developed for the public and certain groups who need them. Social welfare on the other hand is given to people who are seen to be in need and may be seen as people who need a public service. Welfare services and healthcare are the key services in social policy. Social services and the healthcare system are in place and are provided to give a service to help aid with peoples well-being. For example these include people who are going through a crisis or serious personal issues to do with their health or personal lives. Social policy is incorporated with social welfare provision; social welfare provision is about the needs of the people. The government plays a big part in social welfare because they decide on what to spend on such as housing and education. Social Policy is made by the government which are made up of partys politicians and parties that deliberate and decide on how to manage the country and it s political needs. Politically speaking Social policies work together with employees of social welfare such as social workers as well as healthcare and the law. All these organisations help to make up social policy and work on and for the state. Local Government are councillors which have been locally elected for example a local MP and also local authorities, these may include people such as school governors and members of the community health councils, these selected people work together to govern and implement what key policies are needed locally, and these are tailored policies specifically for their local communities. The local government may make decisions on housing and other local factors such as developments that may be needed and transport. The private sector is made up of businesses individuals, local and central government who purchase welfare services such as private care homes and employ carers privately to care for service users. Social workers as well as the healthcar e workers are involved in social policy for the reason that they will be putting whatever is decided in social policy in practice. Central government is the political party who is elected nationally in the UK. At the last national election the conservative party were voted in with this came their own political ideology in running the country and many changes were made. Political Ideology is a range of ideas and thoughts which can range from social wellbeing to laws being made it is also beliefs on society and social welfare. This can come from a right left wing approach of thinking politically. This affects social policy and how social policy is approached because the decisions that is made effects peoples lives. For example when new labour was elected in 1997 its approach to social policy was a mix and right and left wing perspectives. The new right perspectives to social policy consist of views such as distinguishing between the deserving and underserving poor. What is known as the deserving poor are those who are thought to deserve to receive welfare, an example of this is someone being poor through no fault of their own, while an undeserving poor is someone who may be poor due to their laziness such as not wanting to work. The title of deserving and undeserving varies from one individual to another, this is because everyones circumstances are d ifferent therefore it is harder to determine who is deserves to receive benefits from who does not. The new right approach suggests that the welfare system was making people depend on benefits and making them lazy. This was also referred to as the nanny state, however those who are welfare such as single parent families struggle and what is given is actually only enough to live on because benefits are accessed on what the government believes is enough for individuals to live off. David Cameron the current Prime minister stated that he wanted to end the culture of entitlement and a bigger debate into welfare would be needed as the wrong signals were being sent out to unmarried and single parent families. This suggests even more cuts for those who are dependent on benefits as a way to get people off benefits and back into employment. Political ideology affects social work because these values affect practice. Ideas of political ideology shape practice and action, these actions can als o influence ideas of ideologues which respond to the environmental pressures which surround them. (Marquand 1996,6.) Marxist had the view that the welfare state was biased and favours the working class to prevent a revolution. For the modern day welfare state this couldnt be any truer as we have seen with the conservatives party that the biggest spending cuts have hit the poor the worst.it seems as though especially to those who are worse off, for example families who receive benefits such as tax credits etc. These are the people who are feeling the cuts the most while the rich have had far fewer cuts being made. Last year we saw that most of the changes being made were affecting the poor and working class the most, while the rich had their tax reduced. This is indeed an unfair change in regards to welfare because the changes seem to favour the rich more. The Guardian newspaper online reported that the poorest households would be hit the worst by benefits cuts, in reported government plans and the Department of Work and Pensions. It also stated that in a bid to save 3.1 billion working benefits wou ld rise to 1% hitting the poor hardest. The guardian online featured a letter by MP Michael Meacher who pointed out that the recent welfare benefits reports bill and its percentages on cuts leaving the rich richer by paying less percentages in tax while the unemployed receiving benefits such as the job seekers allowance were being cut. It also argued ministers had failed to realise that the 20% cut that was going to be imposed would work out as less money for people to live on. The cut was argued to be applied because it was seen to be unfair that those unemployed had had a 20% rise while the lowest paid only had a 10% pay rise. Even so those who are in less paid jobs are still financially better off than those on JSA, so again why are cuts being made to the poorest people in need. It was also pointed out that the richest that are on over  £3000 a year had their income tax cut to almost 3bn a year, also the very richest increased their income and wealth over the last year according to the Sunday Times Rich List. With cut s being made and bills rising how is people going to afford to eat and live? There is a struggle for the currently unemployed to get back in employment due to the lack of jobs. People are being pressured into either living a very poor life financially or working for wage which they may again struggle to live on and then being given a very low pension when they retire. This affects social work practice because more people will be in crisis and in a vulnerable state which may lead to intervention by professionals such as social workers being needed for well-being and support. The cuts to social care have seen only the ones who can afford to pay for care being able to receive care. The reason for this is budgets being cut for social care leaving those without financial security in need of support. According to ADASS in their budget survey (2011) councils were reducing their budgets by 991 million. They were also reducing their spending by 169 million for support for people. The implications and consequences of these cuts are that some council will have to make cutbacks to services in order to balance out their budgets. For those who cannot afford services this can serious implications as well as on impact on social work practice because of the intervention that may be needed. It also affects social work in the sense of how it is implicated as well as using the best methods for service users. According to this survey it increases more gaps within Social Care funding. The care and Support Bill 2012 abolished the local authorities right to remove a person in need from their homes. The reason for this could do with the cuts being made with in social care and as a way to save money have abolished this to save funding which would otherwise be spent on giving care to service users. The Just umbrella gives an insight into austerity the coalition and policy. The just umbrella pinpoints many actions the government at the moment and the way in which society is handled in regards to spending welfare etc. It also talks about the London riots and how they may have been an underlying factor as to why the riots took place. The riots stemmed from a man of ethnic minority who was shot and killed by the police, as a result the family wanted answers as to what happened and as to why their family member was shot. There was many speculation as to if the victim was armed or not or whether it was to do with racism. A peaceful march began by the family demanding answers which soon escalated to the riots. The riots were blamed on gang culture and people taking advantage of an unfortunate situation. However nothing of unfair treatments of people and tension between the youths and the police were addressed. The riots may have been a cry for help and that may have been the chance fo r many more deprived members of society to have their say. Also the riots may have been due to frustrations built up as well as other underlying social factors which were not addressed. Such as most of the people who were involved were part of less privileged communities who were worse off in terms of employment and housing. The finding s of the riot research found that over half 59% of rioters were from the 20% most deprived areas in the UK. The riots seem to have had much more of meaning than just that of the shooting of Mark Duggan. According to the Reading the riots report (2011) its findings were very interesting in regards to its contents. The study was to find out what have driven individuals in the riots and who were responsible of which came these findings of the analysis. 87% of the people who were interviewed out of 270 said that policing and tensions between the police and public were to blame because of the treatments they had from officers. This shows that policing and public frustrations were indeed key contributing factors as to why the riots happened. This combined with anger and frustrations in regards with the relationship between the police also added more fuel to the riots. The Blackwell companion to social work, social work and politics focuses on social work and ideology and the role in which social workers have. It argues that social workers have a power struggle with family and service users and these are due to political ideology and that social service and workers are political activists. Both the Just Umbrella the Backwell companion discuss changes and the state moving away from the neo-liberal economics in regards to Labour and Margaret Thatchers approach to politics. Both stated that the new right approach to social policy was focused on making the welfare state in particular better in regards for what works. However Blackwell argues that this gives room for politicians to pass difficult subjects to professionals to suggest solutions. The just umbrella also comments on what is known as the Big Society and that of the effects it has on society as well as the coalition policy. According to the Cabinet Office the big society is about giving more p ower to the people to help improve their lives, Transferring power from Whitehills to Local Communities. While the just umbrella recognises failings in the big Society and its local ideas, Blackwell points out ideology behind this and how it affects social work practice. It aims to put the point across that social work is heavily driven by politics and ideology. The social worker who claims to be above or beyond politics is one who has denied him or herself access to a set of conceptual tools which are directly necessary to a properly informed conduct in todays complex world of practice. What is exactly meant by this statement is that social workers cannot fulfil their full potential of practice without accepting they are a part of politics. Accepting this gives social workers the knowledge and power to practice effective service. This is a matter of opinion however because it takes away from the social workers individual core beliefs. If a social worker does not agree with some asp ects of political ideology this does not mean they do not have the tools to properly practice social work.

The Argument Essay: Just Dont Do It! -- Argumentative Persuasive Topi

The Argument Paper: Just Don't Do It! Â   English 101 is incredibly challenging and overwhelming to the typical college student. A narrative reflective essay, an expository essay, a novel, and the Nelson-Denny Reading Comprehension test are all crammed into ten weeks of backbreaking work. However, the most intolerable assignment of all has not even been mentioned yet: the argument paper! Students run around shrieking and cursing when they are handed the assignment. Most of them are enveloped by insanity during the writing process. When I mentioned the dreaded argument paper to a fellow classmate, he said that he felt my pain. English 101 students should not be required to write an argument paper because it is detrimental to their emotional well-being. Some people may think it necessary to know how to write an argument paper. Everyone will have to do it at least once in his or her life, and Freshman English is the place to learn how. But that is not the case. In truth, I have never heard of anyone writing an argument paper unless he or she is required to by law or is plannin...

Interpersonal skills are the life skill Essay

Interpersonal skills are the life skills all the human-being used every day to contact and interface with others, both separately and in groups. People who have worked on growing strong interpersonal skills are normally more successful in their masterly and personal live. Good interpersonal skills allow us to participate effectively as a member of a team. Moreover, employability skills can be defined as the transferable skills needed by a personal. Beside with good practical understanding and issue knowledge, employers often summarize a set of skills that they want from an employee. According to Cotton (2001), he said employers want employees to possess employability skills; that employers value generic employability skills over specific occupational (technical) skills; and that employers consider many entry?level job applications to lack the required employability skills and express deep concerns regarding this deficiency. It is a fair conclusion then that those skills bracketed wit hin the term â€Å"employability skills† are fast becoming a requirement for employment rather than desirable, and that employers see the responsibility for the development of such skills lying with educational institutions. According to the personal strength survey results, I am a committed and responsible teammate, I always do my own part well, and I will contribute for the success of my group work. Moreover, I never give up anything halfway. I will nonetheless of what I do, I commence it with anticipation and vitality. Additionally, I will not get disturbed when I work, and I take happiness in completing tasks. I work hard to finish what I begin. No matter what project I get, I will submit my work in time. Uniquely, I usually offer the people who make wrong a second chance and I forgive those who done me wrong. For me, my personal principle is be mercy not revenge to others. Furthermore, I do a great job organizing activities and supervise that what they work. I will stay harmony within the group by making everyone feel themselves is the one of the significant and encouraging a group to get the tasks done. Besides that, the people who feel most close to me are the same people to whom I feel most close . In particular those in which caring and sharing are reciprocated. As well, my family members and my friends understand that I am an appreciative person because I usually demonstrate my thanks to them. I am aware of the great things that happen at me, and I never take them as allowed. Comparatively, I am an honest person, whether by telling the truth or by living my life in an  authentic and true way. I am down to this world and without dissimulation. Likewise, my attitude aspect my actions and are an origin of repose to me. I also have reasonable and strong attitude about the higher motivation and meaning of the circle. In contrast, I am not a creativity person, I could not find something new and more creative when presenting something. I will improve my creativity by read the magazines, trade journals, and other literature in my field to make sure I am not outdated. Other than that, I must gain creative as my hobbies. Hobbies can also help me to relax. An active mind is necessary for creative growth. Furthermore, I am weak on making judgement. Sometimes I cannot make a decision when facing problem. Although I know that is an important thing, but I am not able to change my mind. I have to solve this weakness from myself, I have to truly believe I have the authority and power to turn our judgement and decision history around. Based on the employability skills survey results, one of my powerful employability skills is negotiating and persuading. Mainly, I would expanding a line of reasoned disagreement and importance the positive views of my argument. Similarly, I will understanding the needs of the person I am trading with at all the time. This is because we can know more details of the person and what he needs. I also like to challenge the points of view expressed by others. Of course, my co-operating skills is very strong. I can focus on the behaviour which need to be improved and being confident rather than obedient and energetic. Not only I presenting my own plan effectively in a group but also proceed a part of the responsibility in a group. I can giving enthusiastic, useful feedback to others and learning from enthusiastic evaluation. My written communication is one of my weakness. For example, I cannot analysing, gathering and arranging data in a rational section. In the same way, I also cannot succeed my disagreement in a rational way and briefly outline the content. But I will try to improve this weakness by thinking trough in advance what I want to say. Moreover, I will adopting my writing style for different audiences. In my opinion, many people think an occupation for life is no longer a choice nowadays. Most people will hold their career with a diversity of employers and pass across different employment zone through their working life. We all need to be adjustable in our working arrangements and be  prepared to change jobs or sectors if we have confident in a better chances. But most of the employer require the employee should work well with other people, including the ability to work co-operatively towards common goals, provide a high level of customer services. Hence, we have to understand our interpersonal and employability skill, so that we can improve our weakness as well. References 1) Cotton, K. (2001), Developing Employability Skills, Northwest Regional Educational Research Laboratory, Portland, OR, available at: www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/8/c015.html (accessed 18November2014).

Police Stop and frisk Essay

Is New York City’s Stop and Frisk law infringing upon Americans rights? In 2011, 685, 724 people were stopped and frisked by the police. This is a record high by more than 50,000 stops in New York City, 87% of the stops were either black or Latino, raising the question of is this morally ethical due to racial profiling (NYCLU, 2014). Why should an individual be stopped and frisked without probable cause? Stopping and frisking without probable cause is an act of racism, profiling someone due to their skin color is wrong, unethical, and creates an outlook that only, or mostly speaking people of color are our criminals of society. Black and Latino are not the sole criminals commiting just as many violent acts or same severity of crimes more than other people of society, so why should people of color be a higher concern than some not of color? If the laws of New York City say that any individual can be stopped and frisked, every person should be searched equally, instead of predominantly people of color. After all, every person of every race commits the same crime, and must be seen as an equal threat to society. For example, in The East Side of New York, police are heavily profiling. 50% of the population consists of blacks, and 39% percent being Hispanic. Only 8% of the residents over the age of 25 have a college degree (NYC, 2014). This has been a notorious area for police officers to stop and frisk. This is a prime example of a poor neighborhood being exploited to police abusing their power to stop and frisk being based upon the socio economic status of this specific neighborhood consisting of 89% colored individuals. â€Å"Today is the beginning of a long-overdue process: the reform of the NYPD to end illegal and racially discriminatory policing, said Vincent Warren, executive director of the Center for Constitutional Rights† (Fox News, 2014). Vincent Warren is The Executive Director of The Center of Constitutional Rights, also known as the CCR. This legal organization is in sole purpose in the effort to defend the rights of The United States constitution to defend the decloration of human rights (CCR, 2014). â€Å"Vince oversees CCR’s groundbreaking litigation and advocacy work which includes using international and domestic law to hold corporations and government officials  accountable for human rights abuses; challenging racial, gender and LGBT injustice†(CCR, 2014). It is important to note that organizations that are being supported by people such as Vincent Warren are going to high extremes to ensure the constitutional rights of every person, specifically speaking the counter argument of the stop and frisk laws are an injustice in not in New York City, but in every area of The United States. â€Å"For too long, communities of color have felt under siege by the police, and young Black and Latino men have disproportionately been the target,† he said in a news release. â€Å"We are eager to finally begin creating real change†(Fox News, 2014). It is important to note people with high political power such as Vincent Warren are advocating of change of the stop and frisk laws, making this topic of the morals behind the stop and frisk laws are wrong, and reform is necessary to protect The Constitutional rights of the people of America. The entire point of The Constituion is to protect â€Å"The People†. The main goal of the colonization of the Americas is to make life for the people, protecting the rights of every person, not to take away freedom or rights. There must be reform in order to ensure people are following the princples and morals being based upon in which The United States of America is formed. Not only are high ranking officials protecting the rights of people such as Vincent Warren, but the judges and prosectuors themselves who are prosecuting the people who are being arrested under the stop and frisk laws are in fact supporting the change of these laws. This is extremely vital to aknowledge due to the fact that the people who are being involved in the actual punishment of criminals are defending the rights of people, and specifically people of color as in the notorious East side of New York City. For example, â€Å"A judge ruled last year that the New York Police Department had discriminated against blacks and Hispanics when stopping, questioning and sometimes frisking people on the street. The judge ordered major reforms to the department’s implementation of the policy† (Fox News, 2014). With the support of the CCR (Center for Constitutional Rights) along with the encouragement of the Judges to amend the laws of stop and frisk is vital to the response that the stop and frisk laws must be taken more seriously to ensure that the princples upon which The United States of America is founded upon are being followed. I strongly believe the stop and  frisk laws are a complete infringement upon any single individuals constitutional rights. Politicians argue that the stop and frisk laws have been eliminating crimes off of the streets at a significant rate, but this does not excuse police force to profile and allow the judicial system to prosecute people who are being searched without probably cause. Probably cause clearly states, â€Å"sufficient reason based upon known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crim e. Probable cause must exist for a law enforcement officer to make an arrest without a warrant, search without a warrant, or seize property in the belief the items were evidence of a crime†(Hill, 2014). Why should the laws obtaining to probable cause even exist if the law of stop and frisk is demonstrating the hypocritical aspect of probable cause? Probable cause completely cancels out when stop and frisk laws allow police officers to randomly search somebody when there is no clear evidence or reason for someone to be searched. The laws of stop and frisk must continue to reform, constitutional rights are very important to protect. As being stated by politicians and people working under the Justice System, the stop and frisk laws are wrong, and must be thrown out. Bibliography â€Å"Stop and Frisk Statistics in New York City Neighborhoods – Google Search.† Stop and Frisk Statistics in New York City Neighborhoods – Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"Stop-and-Frisk Data | New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) – American Civil Liberties Union of New York State.† Stop-and-Frisk Data | New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) – American Civil Liberties Union of New York State. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. http://www.nyclu.org/content/stop-and-frisk-data/. Light, Michelle. â€Å"East New York, Brooklyn.† N.p., n.d. Web. . â€Å"Lawyers: NYC Agrees to Reforms in Stop-and-frisk.† Fox News. FOX News Network, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. .

17 Tips for Older Job Seekers - Follow in the footsteps of winners!

17 Tips for Older Job Seekers - Follow in the footsteps of winners! Even before LinkedIn posted a blog with tips for older job seekers in September, I received some good news from a couple of my 50+-year-old connections on the job search front. Both of them are followers of my blog, and both agreed to share their stories with you. I hope their success inspires job seekers of all ages to keep on taking action! I pay close attention to my LinkedIn status updates so that I can congratulate people on their new positions. When I got word that Becky S. had obtained a new position as an IT Business Analyst, I wrote to acknowledge her success and she shared the following about how she obtained her new position: Your webinars and e-book were a real encouragement and a definite part of the process.  Thanks for sharing and encouraging all job-seekers! I attended classes and weekly networking sessions at the local WorkForce center met my new boss there. Took a 3-month contract position  which lasted a year.  I am so thankful to have had this opportunity. Posted updates on LinkedIn when attending classes, announcing the approaching contract end and my desire to be the newest member of your team. My new boss maintained contact through LinkedIn.   He even downloaded my resume and considered me an applicant. Three interviews later I had an offer! Note that Becky used social media to her full advantage, demonstrating that even though she might be older she is computer-savvy and on top of current trends.  Also note that she was open to contract positions and accepted one that gave her valuable experience while she was actively looking for other work. Shortly after receiving this message from Becky, another one of my followers, Steven A., gave me the following wisdom stemming from his successful search for a senior-level accountant position: Volunteering was a great confidence-lifter and networking tool. I did that at North Shore Long Island Jewish Medical Center for six months.   It was extremely fulfilling; met new professional contacts / links  and  helped fill  the gap in the resume while  looking for  next position. Strong perseverance, applying for jobs that may not necessarily been 100% qualified for (i.e.  taking chances), Strong LinkedIn profiling participation in group discussions there Having good contacts (such as yourself, Brenda) that help you with strategies and point you in a good direction. Supportive job search services  such as Connect-To-Care  (Little Neck NY other New York locations: FEGS and other channels) were great support groups. Networking helps but unless it is properly targeted it wont always work (e.g. job fairs predominant in sale promotions or  solicitations / advertising  will not help an  unemployed, experienced, professional accountant. [Steven also warns:] Employers, recruiters HRs will never ever  admit it, but age is a negative running factor if the applicant is in fact, older (i.e. for example as myself, over 50).  Many agencies (I recall approaching at least a dozen)  dont ever get back to applicants. Only 2 in  12 ever gave me  leads in a years unemployment time. Job searches must be predominantly independently pursued. Steven’s insights hammer home the message that being active on LinkedIn and pursuing multiple networking opportunities are two keys for the older job seeker. LinkedIn can be used in multiple ways, from researching whom you might know at a particular company in order to network your way in, to   participating in groups, to highlighting your volunteer activities, to attracting recruiters with targeted keywords. In LinkedIn’s blog article, 5 Steps for Older Workers to Succeed in the Job Hunt, author Kerry Hannon offers the following tips: Use a professional e-mail address. [meaning something with your full name if possible, preferably at gmail or a paid provider). And use it! Let your contacts know what you are looking for and find out who would be great to talk to about your search]. Join LinkedIn. [How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is a great place to start in creating a profile and using LinkedIn to get results. Note that Becky and Steven leveraged LinkedIn to its max and both of them found new positions!] Network. [You can network effectively both on LinkedIn and in person. Hannon points to a new, free service from AARP called Work Reimagined, which leverages LinkedIn’s API to help job hunters find information and job openings. You can sign up for customized job alert postings in your field of interest.] Start a Twitter account. [I defer to Hannon on this one. She says: â€Å"Follow people or companies where you might want to interview. For your username, use your actual name or a shortened form. Include a bio – where you live and what kind of work you do†¦. 160 characters. By following tweets, you can get the scoop on people you may wind up interviewing with and stay on top of a potential employer’s news. You can also share ideas and tips with other job seekers. Plus, you’re expanding your network.†] Don’t be a wallflower. [just like you need to exercise your body to get build muscle, you need to participate in discussions on line and in person, and keep doing your research, to build your job search success muscles. Looking for a job is a full-time job, so create a plan and get into action!] To read the entire LinkedIn blog article, go to 5 Steps for Older Workers to Succeed in the Job Hunt. Using a combination of tips from Becky, Steven and Kerry Hannon, you can win the job search game regardless of your age. If you have found success and have more tips to share, please do so below! And if you want more individual support with your resume and LinkedIn profile, go to www.TheEssayExpert.com. I look forward to working with you!

Generalization Definition

Generalization Definition Generalization is the ability to use skills that a student has learned in new and different environments. Whether those skills are  functional  or academic, once a skill is learned, it needs to be used in multiple settings. For typical children in a general education program, skills that they have learned in school are usually quickly used in new settings. Children with disabilities, however, often have difficulty transferring their skills to a different setting from the one in which it was learned. If they are taught how to count money using pictures, they may be unable to generalize the skill to real money. Even though a child may learn to decode letter sounds, if they are not expected to blend them into words, they may have difficulty transferring that skill to actual reading. Also Known  As:  Community-based  instruction, learning transfer. Examples:  Julianne knew how to add and subtract, but she had difficulty  generalizing  those skills to shopping for treats at the corner store. Applications and Learning Exercises Clearly, special educators need to be sure that they design instruction in ways that facilitate generalization. They may choose to: Teach in different settings in the school.Use real coins to teach money.Take students into the community and give them tasks that require that they use their skills. How about a scavenger hunt at a grocery store? There, you can have students find prices for products on the hunt list.Play store. It gives your students opportunities to read, to add and subtract with a calculator, and to make change and count mixed coins.

Manage Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manage Care - Essay Example Both organizations and individuals in the U.S. managed care system are faced with a challenging situation. First of all, the requirement for high quality care, doubled by the social responsibility to patients, is counterbalanced by an increasing pressure to lower costs and to remain afloat financially. For this reason, numerous health care providers are doomed to fail from a business perspective, being forced to close. More and more practitioners will perform as part of groups or systems, but the process of integration will not impose itself in the short term. Based on these considerations, it can be asserted that no standard model will emerge as dominant. The Institute of Medicine released few years ago a report that red-flagged the poor quality of health care in the US (Institute of Medicine 2001). A number of facts that contributed to this situation were identified, and special emphasis was put on the structure of the present health care payment system. Traditionally, doctors and medical institutions are paid regardless of the quality of the health care they provide, leading to no financial incentives or, in the case of certain clinical situations, even to disincentives for quality. These findings lead to an increasing demand to link payment to performance. The concept of pay-for-performance

What is the state of scholarship concerning on Rehabilitation of the Research Paper

What is the state of scholarship concerning on Rehabilitation of the arm after stroke On what issues does they debate - Research Paper Example Besides, analysts argue that the state of scholarship on the rehabilitation of arm after stroke incorporates the recruitment of students with efficient knowledge in clinical technology and has done specific projects on medicine as a discipline. Psychologists and therapists suggest that stroke is one of the collective causes of disability of the arm among various patients globally. However, there is serious improvement in stroke patients who suffer arm disabilities through rehabilitation techniques. Different research and testing institutions established in various Universities combine Tran’s cranial magnetic stimulation with the incorporation of robotic therapy. The development of this research encourages scholarships initiatives that enable more students to come in the research centers and support the testing of different diseases developed after arm stroke. Additionally, universities lecturers such as Dr. Wittenberg of the University Of Maryland School Of Medicine, argues that scholarship needs to be given to students who can participate in doing different projects. The students need to be interested in the research of arms rehabilitation after stroke. Dr. Wittenbery argues that scholarships given to students in doing research on the rehabilitation of the arm after stroke need to have special interests in neuron rehabilitation, cerebral paisy, and Stroke and movement disorders (Shadmehr, 2005). Besides different psychologists in the university add that research in the above disciplines encourages and increase the number of students in medicine. Moreover, during the research, more discoveries are realized on the causes of arm stroke and necessary rehabilitative steps in curing the disease.Stroke develops and facilitates in hospitals to increase the number of saved lives in arms stroke rehabilitation. Therefore, it is necessary for various stakeholders to take part in promoting scholarships initiatives in different Universities and

Americas Rationality (view) for Electing Obama as President Essay

Americas Rationality (view) for Electing Obama as President - Essay Example Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President of United States in November 2008, by defeating the Republican John McCain. Barack Obama is regarded as the first black President. During the election campaign he was the most well-liked personality in America. There are many reasons behind his popularity and definitely Americans have shown their rationality in electing him as the President of the only superpower in the world. According to the exit polls, Obama’s share of National Popularity vote was 52% against his counterpart John McCain whose was 46%. In the history of US politics it was the first time since Jimmy Carter’s victory in 1976 where the Democrat Party won straight majority. Let’s discuss the different causes which brought Obama on the peak of popularity It is a long journey of victory of Obama. He declared his candidacy for the President of the United States of America on February 10, 2007.And throughout the entire campaign he was focusing on the major burning issues such as Iraq war, Energy independence, and the provision of universal health care, financial crises, any many others The American people are quite rational in selecting their president. Barack Obama became popular due to his service which was based around his resolute belief in the capacity to bring people together around a politics of purpose. Obama was elected to the state senate in 1996 and served the three terms. He especially supported the working families by cutting their taxes and he expanded health care program for children and their parents.

The impact of climate change on logistics management Essay

The impact of climate change on logistics management - Essay Example It basically refers to the management of the activities for the collections of raw materials to the production at the factories to the distribution of these goods. The manager must coordinate with all of these pieces in a cordial manner for the effective management of the supply chain (Mentzer, 2001). Logistics Management is widely known concept in the global world. All companies rely on the logistics for the efficient flow of the goods and services. For Example: Industrial manufactures rely heavily on these logistics for the transportation of the mass-produced items. At the same time, the consumer goods manufactures want their goods to be delivered to the outlets and warehouses before the customer calls for it. Therefore, Logistics management has now evolved into one of the most important links in the supply chain process (DHL, 2010). Logistics refers to the part of the supply chain management that plans, implements and processes the flow of the goods and services from the source to the end consumer. It includes both thee forward and reverse flow as well as the storage of the goods. The vital elements of this part include all modes of transportation, inventory control and storage, packing and flow of information. Figure 1 shows the costs and investment in different sectors’ logistics departments. Climatic Change takes place over millions to thousands of years. It is a statistical shift of weather and climate that takes place, changing the environment of the earth. When analyzed over hundreds of years, the climatic conditions have patches of climate having similar qualities and properties. The shift from one climate to another climate takes place slowly and gradually in order to maintain the ecological system. The biggest climatic change that is being anticipated these days and is mostly in the news is global warming. It is a shift towards a hotter climate due to the green house gases

Online advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Online advertising - Essay Example Online video includes both streaming and progressive download video. According to the report, in total, 138 million Americans - approximately three in four U.S Internet users - viewed online video in November. Top U.S. Online Video Properties* by Unique Video Viewers November 2007 Total U.S. - Home/Work/University Locations Source: comScore Video Metrix Property Unique Viewers (000) Percent of all U.S. Internet Users Total Internet 138,383 75.9% Google Sites 76,187 41.8% Fox Interactive Media 46,349 25.4% Yahoo! Sites 37,300 20.5% Time Warner Network 31,212 17.1% Microsoft Sites 28,470 15.6% Viacom Digital 23,522 12.9% Disney Online 10,361 5.7% ESPN 10,128 5.6% ABC.com 9,969 5.5% CBS Corporation 8,336 4.6% *Rankings based on video content sites; excludes video server networks. Online video includes both streaming and progressive download video. Online advertising "opens up new communication possibilities for personalized messages to be delivered to targeted individuals (Davis 2000, 113). It can help us "create a customized, common information technology platform for all your company's activities-resulting in unique, integrated systems that reinforce the strategic fit among your firm's many functions. Even better, competitors can't easily imitate these systems" (Michael E. Porter 2). That online media as an effective source of advertising can be gauged from the fact that the second generation of Internet ("Web 2.0") companies such as MySpace, Facebook, Linked/In and YouTube that set shop three years ago, today have more users than the entire U.S. population. This trend adequately highlights the fact that we can target the online community for creating customer loyalty, promoting sales and services and building and strengthening our brand... This essay "Online advertising" outlines the advantages and effectiveness of online ad and how it can help the company to increase the sales rate. Unlike forced advertising methods which can have a negative impact on sales if the consumers are not interested in our products, we can provide information to those who actually look forward to receive it. The benefit of this is that our email advertising campaign will have a better chance of sales conversion than any other form of advertising. There are many websites that have dedicated communities of members interested in a particular subject. In our case, there are communities for each our textbooks: AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Catia, and Solid Edge. WE can reach our potential customers by providing press releases in websites dedicated to these communities. Here, I can give you the example of a website www.tenlinks.com that has a large registered audience of software users as its members. While most websites allow us to place our press release s for free, there are others that do charge a nominal cost. The advantage is that at very low rates, we can target a global audience and create a bigger market for our textbooks. I rest my case by saying, "Internet technology makes both giving and collecting feedback very easy, which further encourages two-way communication" (Y Liu, LJ Shrum 7) between the business entity and the consumers providing opportunities for mutually beneficial relationships, better sales and promotion of goods and services.

Sysytems and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sysytems and Operations - Essay Example Sweden’s main focus is to have an increase in the information technology in order to have a stronger digital economy. Everyday life in Sweden is based completely on technology. Starting from waking up in the morning to sleeping at night every single activity by citizens involves technology. Transportation, medical, banking, educational sector all are concerned with having maximum technology so that best quality service can be provided to the citizens of the country. This is being done so that maximum number of people can be facilitated and the services provided would be equal for everyone. In this manner the quality of service being provided has also improved. This shows that the society has moved towards modernization along with innovation and good. The country has been changing and this can been shown in a manner that the three major sectors (individual, business and government) are benefitting from this shift to digital economy. The change can be seen in a example that at the grocery store in Sweden the shop keeper is selling medicine without prescription. All the customer need is their bank card and identity number in order to purchase the medicine. People in Sweden are working on everything through the touch screen from seeking advices of health experts to purchasing products everything is done through touch screens. The list of examples keep growing as Sweden is a digital economy and most of the things are now digital. The government is overwhelmed by the performance of this system as it has been providing services to people in medical sector that people are benefitting from it. This system is also helping them in banking, parking lots, paying bills, education facilities that there has been a boom in these sectors. Due to this the government is now having goals to export the medical system to different countries to gain from this system. By

The impact of climate change on logistics management Essay

The impact of climate change on logistics management - Essay Example It basically refers to the management of the activities for the collections of raw materials to the production at the factories to the distribution of these goods. The manager must coordinate with all of these pieces in a cordial manner for the effective management of the supply chain (Mentzer, 2001). Logistics Management is widely known concept in the global world. All companies rely on the logistics for the efficient flow of the goods and services. For Example: Industrial manufactures rely heavily on these logistics for the transportation of the mass-produced items. At the same time, the consumer goods manufactures want their goods to be delivered to the outlets and warehouses before the customer calls for it. Therefore, Logistics management has now evolved into one of the most important links in the supply chain process (DHL, 2010). Logistics refers to the part of the supply chain management that plans, implements and processes the flow of the goods and services from the source to the end consumer. It includes both thee forward and reverse flow as well as the storage of the goods. The vital elements of this part include all modes of transportation, inventory control and storage, packing and flow of information. Figure 1 shows the costs and investment in different sectors’ logistics departments. Climatic Change takes place over millions to thousands of years. It is a statistical shift of weather and climate that takes place, changing the environment of the earth. When analyzed over hundreds of years, the climatic conditions have patches of climate having similar qualities and properties. The shift from one climate to another climate takes place slowly and gradually in order to maintain the ecological system. The biggest climatic change that is being anticipated these days and is mostly in the news is global warming. It is a shift towards a hotter climate due to the green house gases

Sysytems and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sysytems and Operations - Essay Example Sweden’s main focus is to have an increase in the information technology in order to have a stronger digital economy. Everyday life in Sweden is based completely on technology. Starting from waking up in the morning to sleeping at night every single activity by citizens involves technology. Transportation, medical, banking, educational sector all are concerned with having maximum technology so that best quality service can be provided to the citizens of the country. This is being done so that maximum number of people can be facilitated and the services provided would be equal for everyone. In this manner the quality of service being provided has also improved. This shows that the society has moved towards modernization along with innovation and good. The country has been changing and this can been shown in a manner that the three major sectors (individual, business and government) are benefitting from this shift to digital economy. The change can be seen in a example that at the grocery store in Sweden the shop keeper is selling medicine without prescription. All the customer need is their bank card and identity number in order to purchase the medicine. People in Sweden are working on everything through the touch screen from seeking advices of health experts to purchasing products everything is done through touch screens. The list of examples keep growing as Sweden is a digital economy and most of the things are now digital. The government is overwhelmed by the performance of this system as it has been providing services to people in medical sector that people are benefitting from it. This system is also helping them in banking, parking lots, paying bills, education facilities that there has been a boom in these sectors. Due to this the government is now having goals to export the medical system to different countries to gain from this system. By

Human freedom and the ten commandments Essay Example for Free

Human freedom and the ten commandments Essay When Jesus was asked, What must I do to inherit eternal life? , he replied: You know the Commandments, keep these and you will live. It has been said, that the Ten Commandments are not simple rules mandated by God, but rather, this set of rules is considered as a gift given to men in order for them to live the life that God has promised. Although the word â€Å"commandment†, by itself, imports something mandatory and obligatory, it must be understood that God has granted each one of his people freedom and independence to choose how he or she will act, and hence, human freedom is an important topic to be discussed alongside the Ten Commandments. It will be seen, that the kind of life that men live is simply a reflection of how he uses the freedom that he has been gifted with. A person can either live a life full of one spent as a good follower of God. Although some would say that it is a question of fate, destiny, or maybe even luck, the truth is that, a person lives a life based on his own choices and decisions. As have been stated, men have been gifted with freedom, and it is up to him how he will utilize this gift. Every person has different forms of needs and wants that have to be dealt with in everyday life. This is where freedom sets in. In allowing absence of restriction, God permits every individual the opportunity to shape his life. It has been stated that this is one risk that God chose to take. â€Å"God risked much in creating us humans with the freedom, now, to unleash horrendous nuclear disaster or to love our fellows across all boundaries. † (Grider, 1994). It is the freedom that each one has been blessed with that enables him to understand and appreciate the life that he has and all the beauty that comes with it. On the other hand, if this freedom is abused, then the consequences that go with it, would also have to be dealt with by the individual concerned. Being free entails a lot of responsibility. It is believed that God granted every individual the gift of freedom, not for the sole reason that he be boundless or limitless. Man is given freedom for him to be responsible for all the things that he says, does or even thinks of. True enough, some philosophers believe that the things that happen to each individual can be traced to the actions and decisions that he chooses to take. Most of the times, it is not up to the heavens if a good or bad thing happens to one person. More of than not, everything that happens to a person can be traced to the course of action that he chose to take. The scriptures that God instructed to be drafted, in essence, are mere forms of guidance for men; but in the end, it is human freedom which will eventually dictate whether or not an individual will live his life by these guidelines. The concept of human freedom is more often discussed by mentioning the story of what happened to Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. As has been aptly stated, â€Å"these questions as to the nature of human freedom arise especially when we turn our attention to the question of the origin of sin. Only consider how many times the origin of sin has been ascribed to this human freedom of choice, implying this twofold power of man’s nature and of his creaturely existence: to sin or not to sin; a good part and an evil part of his nature. † (Berkouwer, 1962). True enough, God could have stopped the serpent from interacting with Adam and Eve, but due to the freedom that he bestowed the two, they had the choice as to whether or not to take the apple that the serpent offered them. Ultimately then, it is this choice that they made which is the root cause of why they were banished from the garden of Eden. It would appear then that despite the Ten Commandments being set down by God to be sent to his people, the same is not precisely a set of obligatory rules imposed upon men. Rather, the Ten Commandments are considered as a guide as to how each person should live if he wants to experience the kind of life that God promised. This is a kind of life full of happiness, peace, beauty and love. A person’s freedom can lead to this if a person, in choosing paths to take, keeps in mind what the Ten Commandments speak of. Ultimately, it would depend upon the person if he will live the kind of life promised by God ever since the olden times, or if he will use his freedom to lead him to a kind of unspeakable and despicable kind of living. REFERENCE â€Å"The Ten Commandments†, http://www. whitestonejournal. com/tencommandments J. Kenneth Grider , â€Å"Human Freedom†, 1994, http://www. bibleviews. com/humanfreedom. html G. C. Berkouwer, â€Å"Human Freedom†, 1962, http://www. the-highway. com/freedom2_Berkouwer. html

Examining The Accuracy Of Plymouth Plantation Religion Essay

Examining The Accuracy Of Plymouth Plantation Religion Essay Bradfords Plymouth Plantation, contains records of the Pilgrims settlement in the New World. This document represents the history of one of the first colonies in New England that founded our countries religion, culture, and history. Some historians wonder if Bradfords documentation of the Plymouth settlement is accurate. Even though Bradfords personal views and bias are evident throughout the passage there is still a lot of factual evidence that would be lost with out this manuscript. Bradford has been an inspirational writer to many, such as Cotton Mather, William Hubbard, Thomas Prince, and Thomas Hutchinson. Of Plymouth Plantation, is separated into two books dating from 1620 to 1650. Bradford, apparently wrote the first book in 1630 (Shuffleton), and goes into detail of the Separatist movement. The main points of the book include: the Separatists afraid of religious persecution, fleeing from England to Holland, settling in Leiden, their voyage on the Mayflower, and their experiences in New England. Bradford orders his material not only chronologically but teleologically, into chapters that are organized topically as well as in terms of sequences of events, and he indicates in numerous ways that his history is plotted and moving toward a particular outcome (Read). The way in which Bradford wrote this book is why it has been so influential. It is easy to follow and a timeline is evident throughout. He goes into detail on instances that he finds important. For example, in what he called the First Encounter, an Indian attack occurred and he went into meticulous detail of how the Indians loo ked, sounded, and how they interacted with the pilgrims. But about midnight they heard hideous and great cryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they concluded it was a company of wolves or such like wild beasts (Perkins 56). This text gives insight to how the Indians responded to the Pilgrims invasion. The second book was written between 1646 and 1650, and is a form of annals dating from 1630 to 1650, which tells of the Pilgrims day to day life. His use of annals proved accurate when compared to colony records that would have been available to him at that time. Bradford writes most of history out of nostalgia (Wenska). This means that he has a yearning for the past and uses bible verses to compare to whats happening in the colony. This is seen when Bradford compares the Plymouth settlers to the Israelites of the old testament, when their time of wandering is over, spiritual principles are settled, and now the Pilgrims must face the spiritual uncertainties of history as they strive to build their own Can aan (Shuffleton). In the bible, the Israelites were Gods chosen people, and God granted them the power to dominate Canaan. Everything was made abundant to them, until they started to sin. Once they started to defy Gods word, God took away the inheritance he had given them. Bradford says this in hopes that his Separatists can overcome their sinful nature and remain faithful to God, and in return keep New England, the land God has granted them. His own personal beliefs and views were definitely evident throughout the text. He regarded himself as an instrument of God (Perkins 49). He believed that God helped people overcome obstacles through faith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but they cried unto the Lord and he heard their voice and looked on their adversity (Shuffleton). On the Mayflower there was a young man who thought highly of himself and cursed the sick. But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard. Thus his curses light on his own head, and it was an astonishment to all his fellows for they noted it to be the just hand of God upon him (Perkins 51). This text shows Bradfords belief that God has a hand in everything was shared by the Separatists. In his description of Plymouth, there were two rather sharply divided groupsthe saints, or members of the Separatist church, and the strange rs, or Non-separatistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Obviously Bradford held the saints in much higher esteem then he did the strangers, who were often disruptive of the peace of the colony (Westbrook). His favoritism can also be seen when he omits most of the facts concerning incidents when the Separatists are being disloyal to God. For example when they fight amongst themselves in Amsterdam, or slaughter the Indians at Wessagusset. But, in Plymouth in 1642, when there were outbreaks of burglary, adultery, and fornification (Westbrook), he didnt seize to leave out any details of their wickedness. After Bradford discusses the outbreak of flagrant sin he ends his narrative with the headings, Anno 1647, and Anno 1648, leaving them blank. Peter Gays says, Bradford ends his history in silence (Shuffleton). One can also tell hes partial to the Separatists by his depictions of characters. He differentiates between admiral characters who, are members of the Separatist congregation and the despicable ones , who are either unchurched or have Anglican sympathies (Westbrook). When he speaks of William Brewster whom he admires and considers a father figure, he speaks only of his strengths. When speaking of someone he dislikes he explains their weaknesses, and why they are not trustworthy. His tendency seems to be toward caricature and ridicule in depicting persons whom he disliked, such as Lyford, Weston, Thomas Morton, and Oldham (Westbrook). Many historians have used Plymouth Plantation as a resource in writing their books, due to the accuracy and detailed history of the early settlement. This entire passage has been treated as an early interpretation of the American landscape and an illustration of English preconceptions about that landscape as wilderness' (Read). Nathaniel Morton, Bradfords nephew, had copied large parts from Plymouth Plantation and was considered very important when his uncles original works had been lost. Increase Mather used it as a source for his account of Indian Wars. Increases son, Cotton, later used it for his own history of the Plymouth Colony. William Hubbard used it in his writing of the General History of New England from the Discovery to MDCLXXX. Thomas Prince quoted and paraphrased many passages in his Chronological History of New England in the form Annals in 1736. It has been influential because of how Bradford handled time relationships, characterized individuals and groups, and focuse d on events that he thought were important. Bradford helped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for the edification of future generations (Gould). This document has saved past history that would have otherwise been lost. The years since these early literary historians wrote has neither dulled nor lessened our admiration for Bradford as either historian or man of letters (Wenska). It will continue to contribute to the American culture for generations to come. Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation can not be classified as objective history, because he incorporated too much of his own personal beliefs and values. Instead it can be used as a history book for the foundation of New England. Early authors saw its importance and incorporated it into their own writings. It has helped shape our differing religions, culture, and literature that can be found in todays era.

Maternal Bond in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison Belove

Maternal Bond in Toni Morrison's Beloved  Ã‚     Ã‚     The maternal bond between mother and kin is valued and important in all cultures.   Mothers and children are linked together and joined: physically, by womb and breast; and emotionally, by a sense of self and possession.   Once that bond is established, a mother will do anything for her child.   In the novel Beloved, the author, Toni Morrison, describes a woman, Sethe, who's bond is so strong she goes to great lengths to keep her children safe and protected from the evil that she knows.   She gave them the gift of life, then, adding to that, the joy of freedom.   Determined to shield them from the hell of slavery, she took drastic measures to keep them from that life.   But, in doing so, the bond that was her strength became her weakness, destroying the only thing she loved.   Slaves, in the United States, were denied everything -- all forms of identifying with the human race.   They were denied their freedom of life: the very right to appreciate and enjoy the beauty of nature in the world, it not being theirs to enjoy.   Additionally, they were denied the very way in which all humans identify themselves -- through the influence of others.   They were disallowed community and harmony among their peoples.   Children were taken from their mothers, and brothers from their sisters.   Dr. Kubitcheck says, ?Another crucial part of identity and culture, language, also has been lost to the slaves? (126).   Individual slaves were often placed on plantations with other slaves from different parts of Africa, speaking completely different languages, and thus having no way of communication between them.   ?Symbolically,? Kubitcheck says, ?slavery . . . obliterated African identity? (126).   Because... ...ing - the part of her that was clean? (251).   Sethe?s ?commitment to her children remains unshakable,? Kubitcheck says (123).   Though her actions were appalling and disgraceful according to the community, it was done with a sense of love and protection, so as not to break the maternal bond.   The bond between a mother and her child is beyond the grasp of words.   Toni Morrison, in Beloved, tries to take hold of it. Creating a character who is so consumed by her children being a measure of her worth, Morrison shows the strength of the maternal bond.   It is that which has the power to love something or someone with all one?s heart.   It is that love which, giving life, is strong enough to kill. Works Cited 1.   Kubitcheck, MD.   Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion.   London: Greenwood Press, 1998. 2.   Morrison, Toni.   Beloved.   New York: Plume, 1987.      

Reality :: Eliot Maddy Wasteland Death Essays

Reality Death is something we all fear at one point in our lives; it binds us together as mortal human beings, and eventually touches us all. But in our consumer driven society the subject of death is often times lost among our busy schedules. Personally, I never have dealt with a setting which gave me cause to fear for my life, and not many people in this day and age are faced with such a tremendous circumstance. But during Elliot’s lifetime, people were faced with the fear of death every day, and even every moment. The situation of the times was hard on everyone, and just like death, it brought all of the social classes together under one roof. In T.S. Elliot’s The Wasteland death was immediately mentioned in the first (English) line (title of the first section), "The burial of the Dead." The line exemplifies a strong sense of reality and it justifies the title of the poem. Reality is one of Elliot’s strongest themes; he, by no means, skirts the issue of death. Looking over the first stanza, Eliot relates death to the people how they see it, and how it affects them. And it is here where it becomes apparent that Elliot wishes to relate his belief that death touches us all in the same way. The quote, "I will show you fear in a handful of dust" is very powerful, because it sums up the fear of the people in those times. The quote itself signifies the dust bowl that swept the prairie between WWI and WWII. People were starving because of drought and depression; they had no money, and were forced to sell their homes, to go live in cities, where disease and famine caused countless deaths. Cities were overrun with peop le; jobs were scarce, and people’s lives were often times expendable in the work place. Child labor was commonplace because it was necessary to feed the family; the small children were employed for meager wages and performed jobs which often cost them their lives. It was a time in our history where many people lost hope, and despair was found everywhere. After reading such a depressing line, I found it incongruous that directly after that quote, Elliot wrote: Frisch weht der Wind Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind Wo weilest du? The translation of this piece states: The Wind blows freshly Towards the homeland My Irish Child Where are you roaming? The two phrases that caught my attention were, "The Wind blows freshly/Towards the homeland.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

   At first, Frankenstein agrees (after being convinced), but then is afraid of what could happen if two creatures like the first one were alive, therefore destroys the creation he has not yet finished. Henry is killed by the creature, in which Frankenstein is blamed, who again falls terribly ill again; there he gets acquitted of his crime. He marries Elizabeth who gets murdered by the creature on her wedding night. Frankenstein dies and therefore the monster commits suicide as his creator has died. The creature is grotesquely described, mainly in chapter five, a main scene in the novel. Words such as â€Å"his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of arteries and muscles beneath† are used, which give the reader horrific images of how this creature must look, Shelly then contrasts the image created with nice images, such as â€Å"teeth of pearly whiteness†, juxtaposition is used here because after the reader is made to believe the creature looked lovely, the view rapidly changes, â€Å"but these luxuriance’s only formed a more horrid contrast with the watery eyes, that seemed almost the same colour as the den white sockets in which they were set†, showing how horrific this creature truly looked. This description is that of an adult, however the creatures mind has been reborn so he must now be pure and innocent, therefore shouldn’t be described in such horrible ways, making us feel sorry for him. The creature is seen as a child, this is because he has never been born or seen the world before, so couldn’t possibly have an adult mind, he did not know how to speak, read or write when born, and had to teach himself this knowledge, as Frankenstein did not help. Frankenstein should of treated the creature as if he was a new baby, and help him, because he had not done anything wrong at this point, until he had abandoned him, so he was lonely and confused. He tried to befriend Frankenstein during the beginning of his life by muttering words to him in a friendly manner, although Frankenstein took this as though he was going to attack him, â€Å"He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"but I escaped and rushed downstairs†. The grin was taken by Frankenstein as an evil grin, signifying that the monster did not like Frankenstein, but in reality, the creature was just trying to be friendly. However, Frankenstein was disgusted with his creation, and decided to leave the apartment, not to return, therefore the creature was abandoned and lonely, also he wouldn’t have known what to do seeing as he could not understand the world, and they could equally not understand his hideous looks, therefore making the reader feel sorry for the monster as he hasn’t done anything, â€Å"I did not dare return to the apartment which I inhabited†, this also shows he is scared to return. The perception created by Shelley of the monster, is one that he cannot possibly be friendly because of how ugly he is, therefore people shout abuse and refuse to talk to him in a civilized way without mocking him or commenting on how ugly he looks. Other people may be scared of him, so try to run away when he gets close, this will make him feel angry with all the people who judge him by first impressions, without taking the courtesy to get to know him. He could of easily been a good man but society cast him out so he rapidly became the opposite, which makes us feel sorry for him as he cannot help being ugly and never gets a chance to show his nice personality, such as saving children from drowning. He is a victim of Frankenstein’s ambitions and then abandonment, as Frankenstein was very eager, almost too eager, to create him, but after he saw what he had made, quickly despised him, left him alone, with no easy way of living, thus upsetting the creature because he never did anything wrong, just wanted to be loved. Frankenstein should of looked after his creation because it is his responsibility, or should of never even created him if he had thought of the possibilities/consequences that could of happened, creating sympathy for the creature because no one wants him, not even his own father. The creature uses religious imagery when speaking to Frankenstein, such as; â€Å"Remember that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel† and he is telling Frankenstein that he has just been born and is inquisitive like Adam and Eve were when venturing into the garden, but now he has fallen because of his abandonment, so perceives himself as a fallen angel. Also, relating to Adam, shows he believes he must have an ‘Eve’, such as a bride. Frankenstein uses questions at their meeting on the glacier, such as â€Å"Do you dare approach me? And do not you fear the fierce vengeance of my arm wretched on your miserable head? † trying to intimidate and draw the creature in, also he uses the word, â€Å"Devil†, to explain how much he hates the creation and thinks he is pure evil, this is also relating to religiousness. Then the creature explains to Frankenstein about how he feels about being alive and looking the way he does, which makes Frankenstein feel quite sorry for him, although the monster had admitted he murdered his family, but only because he wanted to get back at Frankenstein. The creature reasons with Frankenstein and asks him to create a lady creation, â€Å"Still thou canst listen to and grant me thy compassion†, Frankenstein agrees to do this as long as he leaves him alone and does not harm any more people. Frankenstein beings working on his creation on the second creation, but one night he sees the creature and realises what destruction has already took place, which frightens him about the destruction that two creations could do, creating devastating consequences. We then feel sorry for the creature because he has no friends and will carry on being lonely, but our feelings drastically change when the creature threatens to be with him on his wedding night, making the reader feel angry with the creature for creating such havoc in Frankenstein’s life, although in the back of the readers mind, they still feel sorry for the creature because he is forever lonely. We can see the creature as romantic, as he would like a bride, this relates to Frankenstein when he is calm and peaceful in the mountains, acting almost romantic towards the scenery; â€Å"The pleasant sunshine, and the pure air of day, restored me to some degree of tranquillity; and when I considered what had passed at the cottage†. Frankenstein should of acted like a father to the creature because he created him so should take care of him, show him what’s right and wrong, how to read/write/speak and general life skills. Instead, Frankenstein does none of these and does the opposite, abandoning him, leaving him to fend for himself. He also created the creature out of different body parts from other people’s bodies making him look disproportional and abnormal, as well as looking ridiculous. He had been designing and creating this creation for so long and wanted to create him over such a long period, that when the creature was finally created he truly repulsed it, â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into inanimate body. For this I deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that for exceeded moderation†, showing that he desperately longed for a great creation, we then feel sorry for him as he had spent so much time and effort, just for it to turn out in a catastrophic way. He was very careless when creating him, which would obviously cause problems for the creature when setting foot in the public eye; this was not fair on the creature. He also talks about the creature in a grotesque way, making the reader feel afraid of him, and at the same time, sorry for Frankenstein for having to live with the consequences of this disgusting thing, therefore having to either look after him or find a way of getting rid of him. He then becomes afraid about what he has created and the consequences that would arise from doing so, so therefore being seriously mentally ill, as he cannot cope with the fact that he has created something so ridiculous and destructible. The reader feels sorry for him because he has become ill and this isn’t fair. Frankenstein challenges the creature to a fight, â€Å"Be gone or let us try our strength in a fight, in which one must fail†, this is because he is so angry and repulsed with the creature for ruining his life that he wants to settle this finally and this makes the reader believe how upset he is, wanting to clear the creature out of his mind and life. His anger spirals out of control as he vulgarly insults the creature; â€Å"Relieve me from the sight of your detested form†, showing how much he truly dislikes the creature, therefore he must be causing pain to him in some way, mentally or physically. However finally Frankenstein decides to give the creature a chance and reasons with him about creating a lady monster, which is a good deed, making us honour him because he is trying to treat the creature well. Frankenstein then becomes afraid of what two creatures would cause and destroys his creation, at this point, the creature promises Frankenstein he will be with him on his wedding night. On the wedding night, the creature carries out his ultimatum and murders Frankenstein’s wife, which shocks and devastates Frankenstein because he was not expecting him to murder his bride, and rather killed himself instead. This upsets the reader because this would really harm Frankenstein, and was truly an act of pure evil. Also, earlier in the novel, the creature had killed his younger brother and his best friend to get back at him, which truly devastated Frankenstein, also a very horrific type of payback. Frankenstein could be perceived as a hero of modern day science because he went to extraordinary lengths and research to create human life, using science, which no one else before him had ever successfully done. He was also portrayed as a villain for playing with nature and God because people should take life how it is and not try to create more complex designs that God did not want to happen. However I do not believe that Frankenstein was a victim of the time he lived in because he simply shout not have created life without considering the drastic consequences that would happen. I think the perspective of this novel is that Shelley had lost the three of her four children and also her mother, during labour, possibly reflecting as a feeling of abandonment and loss due to death, she can therefore relate to the creature and Frankenstein because his close family and friends were murdered. I have sympathy for the creature more than Frankenstein because he was abandoned when he was first ‘born’, this was unfair because he hadn’t done anything wrong and could not help the way he looked. Frankenstein should not have created him if he had thought properly about what he was doing; he had acted selfish for leaving the monster behind and abandoning him. Also, Frankenstein gets the creature’s hopes up by saying he will create a companion for him, but then destroys his dream, which upsets the monster greatly. He has no friends, family etc. and this is not fair on him. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Martin Luther King Letter from Jail Essay

Martin Luther king believes that the only way to wipe away the injustices experienced within Birmingham City was through holding peaceful negotiations in order to resolve the issues amicably. In the article, â€Å"Ways of Meeting Oppression† by Martin Luther King Jr, tries to bring out Injustices and Oppression, which have been prevalent issues within our society. He believed that black Americans could win equal rights by peaceful means such as peaceful boycotts and marches. He always reminded Americans that their nation’s principles were justice, freedom and equality. Luther King’s argument for non-violent protest against the greater good of human beings may be the disobedience by the authorities, but as Erich Fronmon states in his essay â€Å"Disobedience is a psychological and Moral Problem†, that any act of disobedience against any inhuman law state is morally correct and is for the betterment of the human kind. In his speech â€Å"I have a dream†, He says that his nation will rise up to the true meaning of its creed†¦that all men treated equally. He believed that his children will live to the expectation of his dreams and that equality, both the white people and the black people would exercise fairness and justice. In Martin Luther King message â€Å"Struggle for Equality† in 1963 , he shared his dream of equality with the white Americans , like many other black American he was not treated properly they were forced to use separate al black schools, restaurants and stores. They had different entrances for the black people and certain parts of the nation denied the right to vote. Thus, the placing of laws was for the arising conditions, People needed awareness of such needs. Peaceful negotiations and boycotts held by Martin Luther and his staff paved way for the rapidly gained equality in their rights. In the letter to Birmingham jail, racial and education segregation are undermining goals to the hate inflicted upon the African American community. In the speech at the Great March on Detroit in 23 June 1963, held in Washington, King expound upon making â€Å"the American Dream a reality†. Following the letter from Birmingham jail he said that,† the Negro is no longer willing to accept racial segregation in any of its dimensions.† He considered segregation as wrong because it was a system of adultery, perpetuated by illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality. Educational segregation was one of the key issues that affected not only societal segregation in general but also the lives of the lives of the many black Americans. Most black schools were n’t funded well and as result, there was poor education among the students. This finally translated into the black people acquiring the worst jobs hence unable to afford the decent housing acquired by the white Americans. He continued struggling against segregation and with his aim, he went to Alabama and Birmingham city to watch the injustice practiced there. In order to conclude the many civil rights protest boycotts and demonstrations, there was reinforcement on segregation issues to those aware of it. Eventually it leads to the abolishment of segregation as law and through time changing racist attitudes altogether (Mendoza). In conclusion, the unjust law not only has inflicted pain and anguish among the black Americans but also but compelled them to total misery. Racial discrimination, hatred and education segregation are spring folds of the injustice practiced.

Assault Or Discipline

Attack or Penalty When explaining the physical quarrel between two adults, the term is attacked and beaten. Attacks on individuals not only have a direct influence, but in severe cases their impact lasts for a lifetime. In any of the 50 states, people over the age of 18 are intentionally attacked, strikes and corporal punishment are criminal proceedings. However, the law does not apply to the physical forces used by minors. Spanking, whip, paddling are general references to this form of punishment. Using physical violence and self-esteem, Pearson's relevance is in the use of strict discipline and parenting practices, the use of strict discipline and the use of father's physical assault, and the use of strict discipline and pride. Table 1 shows the correlation between strict discipline and parenting style. Table 2 shows the correlation between strict discipline and self-esteem, and the correlation between strict discipline and the use of physical attacks. Discipline style of parents: Study on the influence of university youth development Attack or Penalty When explaining the physical quarrel between two adults, the term is attacked and beaten. Attacks on individuals not only have a direct influence, but in severe cases their impact lasts for a lifetime. In any of the 50 states, people over the age of 18 are intentionally attacked, strikes and corporal punishment are criminal proceedings. However, the law does not apply to the physical forces used by minors. Spanking, whip, paddling are some general references. Fines for criminal attacks are fine, imprisonment, or both. Punishment becomes more serious as attacks become more intense. Many states have enacted rules to classify criminal acts into various degrees. As with serious attacks, the severity of the crime, the degree of violence and injury, and the criminal intent of the defendant are the factors determining the judgment. 1) v. As long as the target knows the danger, regardless of whether it succeeds or not, it attempts to threaten or attack others. Attackers must be able to attack reasonably. In some states, if the attack is to use a fatal weapon (like a rifle and a rifle), the intended victim need not know the danger. In other state laws, different degrees of attack (first or second) are distinguished, depending on whether actual blows, injuries, or just threats exist.