Explain Irenaeus Theodicy Essay Example for Free

Explain Irenaeus Theodicy EssayThe Irenaeus Theodicy, often called Soul Making, is a counterpart to Augustines Theodicy, yet it is also and oppose argument. While Augustine stated that demonic came from humans and Adam in Genesis, Irenaeus proposes that evil is opposing the human races bid to become one with God.Irenaeustheodicy differs from Augustines, as it is more in the sense that God created evil, whereas Augustine described its lastence to be more of a mistake. Yet some of Irenaeus points relate to Augustines, though ar different forms as they are based on different opinions. Irenaeus battles the problem of the inconsistent triad by saying that God is omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omnificent and evil does exist, but that we, as a race, are non perfect. He believes that at the moment of creation we were not at all perfect, but drastically flawed. And to become one with God, as God intended, we must mesh toward that goal. The idea that we must work towards God places h im in a higher realm. It is this epistemic distance that evil fills and we must fight through. John Hick, a culprit of this Theodicy states that In order to be a person, exercising some measure of genuine muster out(p)dom, the creature must be brought into existence, not in the immediate perceive presence, but at a distance from God.Evil comes in as the obstacle coarse in the way of the ultimate prize. After all, with such a great goal, it shouldnt be easy. Though this doesnt really answer the question of where evil came from, or why God allows it. Irenaeus believes that we chose it when humanity fell in Creation. That justifies moral evil. except what of natural evil? Why did God want this journey to take place in such a hazardous environment, with earthquakes and pestilence, and in such flimsy form, which is susceptible to such dangers? Hicks response is that moral and spiritual development does not take place in a static environment but comes as the result of challenge and struggle and because we live in a valet de chambre where pain and suffering is real our actions have real moral consequences for both ourselves and others. any(prenominal) world where this was not the case would be one where the distinction between right andwrong could not be made.In saying this, Hick is accuse of belittling some of the worlds more excessive examples of evil. The holocaust for example. But in this modern day and age, where Nihilistic attitudes are taking over, state dieing is seen as little of an evil. After all, if you kill one, whats the difference in killing six million?He further argues that those who say that any kind of omnibenevolent wouldnt allow evil to exist full stop are depriving themselves of freedom that humanity entails. For God to get involved in every act of evil that occurs would deprave us of the free will that God gave. And it would reduce God, the ultimate creator of the universe, to a human plaything. If that happened he would no longer be God, as we would control him. As Irenaeus said, If anyone do shun the knowledge of both kinds of things he unaware divests himself of the character of a human being.As far as criticisms go, it is to optimistic. It is essentially an everything will work out in the end theory, that we will end up at Gods side after a long struggle and every thing will be happily ever after in heaven. But if we do that, there is really no reason for a God to make us happy, which negates Augustine and Irenaeus theories. Also, he is basing all of this on the bases that God exists. For that reason, atheists dont hold to this argument at all.Overall, atheists dont hold to this on the basis that they believe that God doesnt exist therefore there is no ultimate cause. Theists like this theodicy as it allows them to keep their ideal of an omnipotent etc god, but does justify evil.Reasoned arguments cannot account for the amount of evil in the world reasonA reasoned argument is one that has no empirical bases . Therefore it is a posteri. In the case of evil, the two theodicies of Augustine and Irenaeusare reasoned. There is no corporeal base of proof for either. For Augustine, the bible bevel be proved the Christ event cant be proved to have improved our worth in terms of evil either. The same for Irenaeus, we cant prove that we are heading for paradise as no one has ever come back to promise us. But we cant deny the fact that there is a lot of injustice exists and, if we could measure it, evil is a large digit.But the amount of evil in the world has no quantity. How can we measure something that is essentially a human concept? Cheetahs have no idea that killing an innocent gazelle is sort as evil. After all, the gazelle did nothing to harm the cheetah. But the predator has cubs to feed and hasnt eaten for days.So putting those two facts together justifies the original statement. But just because we cant justify the quantity doesnt mean we cant do anything about it. To date, the bett er off countries have dropped about 30 million in 3rd world debt. The Live Aid concert that happened all around the world has raised awareness of the plight of those less well off. While it is an undisputable fact that people are still suffering through both moral and natural evils, something is being done to lower the quantity of evils.

Implementation At Indo Rama Synthetics Information Technology Essay

put onation At Indo Rama Synthetics Information Technology EssayBefore the year 2000, at INDO RAMA SYNTHETICS LTD., individual department worked independently to discover its predefined corporate objectives. Every department employ different tools and softw atomic number 18. For example, the production department subroutined MIMS softw are, accounts department used FoxPro and KICKS for its structuralities, sm on the whole-arm merchandiseing department used tools which were not robust enough to entertain over tout ensemble market functions. Lots of paper work in mankind resource commission was mind boggling and time consuming. This lacked inter-departmental coordination and hampered info sharing. For example, a department found it difficult to know to the highest degree the stock kept by another department even in times of emergency due to lack of tuition. pedigree management always plays an important role in manufacturing industry, Indo Rama wanted to handle it more effectively. any these were the matters of concern for a friendship aspiring to be the best in its business globally. There was a need of cross-functional and business make integrating. So that society could react to changes in the market and economy in the most effective way.To overcome such(prenominal)(prenominal) problems, Indo Rama decided to go for try imaginativeness Planning (ERP). The company decided to implement ERP from deplete (System Application Product). Indo Rama has been on eat up ERP platform since 2000, one of the earlier companies in India to migrate to the SAP platform. Also, recognizing core competence principles, the company outsourced its IT functions to ACCENTURE TECHNOLOGIES LTD., a global outsourcing firm, in July 2001. Accenture provides IT infrastructure management for all company lieus, all legacy systems and ERP. All locations are connected on Wide Area Network (WAN) to the central master of ceremonies located at Butibori, Nagpur.INDO RAMA SYN THETICS LTD. has implemented four major modules in SAP ERPSales Distribution (SD)Finance Costing (FICO)Material focussing (MM) go under charge (PM)All major sites curb been fire-walled all locations have anti-spam and anti-virus software installed. The ERP and the internet have clearly defined password, tables of authorities and levels of access. Indo Rama Synthetics has also launched an intranet facility, Antarnaad, where internal policies, notices and other applicable organizational learning are stored. Other coating software that are in operation at Indo Rama accept the Leave anxiety System, EMIS (where management reports for versatile levels are generated) and an auction site for vendor management.For its communications backbone, Indo Rama uses a Virtual Private Network (VPN), through with(predicate) with(predicate) which all locations are consorted. The company has adopted brainpower Express for mail communications with a Linux-based back-end.During 2007-08, the IT team at Indo Rama undertook several projects. The key ones are detailed below.IRSL IRPL merger projectIndo Rama Synthetics Ltd. has merged Indo Rama Petrochemicals Ltd into itself. The necessary changes compulsory to integrate the two entities in the ERP platform have been completed.Data CenterThe company built a rude(a) state of the art selective information internality at Butibori, Nagpur. All servers, the WAN and other network equipment are housed in this data center. The data center has been protected against unauthorized access and potential mishaps. Biometric auspices systems ensure that further authorized person butt joint enter and access the data servers. Sophisticated systems have been installed for fire detection and suppression, water leakage, rodent deadening and variations in ambient temperature and environment. Data backup of the SAP system is put forwardn on tapes attached to SAP servers. One copy of the tapes is stored in a proof safe at data center and another at a location away from the factory. Every month, a set of tapes are also displace to the New Delhi office for safe storage.Packing SystemThe legacy packing and recording system, which records the carton / box information and prints the labels, was on a FoxBASE database management system. This application has been converted onto an Oracle platform with enhanced features and functionality.Attendance Tracking SystemAn attendance tracking system is installed at each department, which read the finger print responses of the employees every time they enter or leave the premises. It reduces the paper work and man power required to track the attendance.Signifi lavatoryce of the studyA reckon was carried out keeping the functional working of IT department in view and its integration with other departments. Working and spending time with major departments helped us in drafting this report in the context of over all company objectives and strategies that necessitate a holistic appr oach cutting crosswise discordant functional areas Marketing, Human Resource, Operations, Finance and Business environment.By implementing SAP ERP modules, manufacturing companies basis attain Cross-Functional and Business appendage integration required for information and data sharing across the organization. These functionalities save resource, cost and valuable time enabling the company to react fast enough to changes in market, competition and economy.Introduction companion ProfileThe expedition of Indo Rama group began with the establishment of Ashok Textiles Limited, Nepal in year 1969. Indo Rama Synthetics ( I ) Ltd. as a cherished dream of Mr. O. P. Lohia (Chief Managing Director, IRSL) came into inception at Pithampura, Indore in year 1989. Indo Rama group have its subsidiaries in Indonesia, Srilanka, Malaysia, Nepal and India.ISO9001, 9002 certified Indo Rama, is among the leading producers of polyester with its products namely Poly Staple Fiber, Partially Oriented Ya rn, Draw Textured Yarn, Fully Drawn Yarn and Polyester Chips are exported to Germany, Portugal, Greece, Turkey and Italy.Company believes in product technological advancements and is under technical collaboration with USA based DuPont and Japan based Toyobo. It uses most sophisticated machines from a German maker Barmag and USA based Chemetex Intl.Indo Rama is highly committed to environmental regulations and best practices. Its priorities include minimizing waste, recycling, reusing effluents, controlling emissions, and plantation.The company invests significantly to reduce workplace accidents and ensure safety. Housing colonies, schools and health centers are built by the company as a part of corporate social responsibility.Objectives of the studyTo understand IT infrastructure management and study SAP ERP modules Material instruction, Sales and Distribution, do Processing, Financial Management, Plant Maintenance at Indo Rama Synthetics Ltd.Study shall help Indo Rama by provi ding the preliminary work, steps and evaluation required to go ahead in integrating the existing and proposed initiatives, through IT infrastructure management and SAP ERP modules.Study shall help in understanding the importance of Cross-Functional and Business Process integration by adopting IT tools and functionalities, so that manufacturing companies can react fast enough to changes in the market and economy.Brief description of the plansERP An overviewIn the manufacturing industry, MRP (Material Requirement Planning) became the fundamental concept of production management and control in the mid 1970s. At this stage BOM (Bill of Materials), which is purchase order management that utilizes move list management and parts development, was in the mainstream. And this concept (MRP) unfolded from order inventory management of materials to plant and personnel homework and distribution planning, which in turn became MRP-II (Manufacturing Resource Planning). This incorporated producti on management, pecuniary accounting, sympathetic resource management, gross sales and distribution management functions and management accounting functions. It came to globally cover all areas of enterprise mainstay business and eventually came to be called ERP.Enterprise Resource Planning covers the techniques and concept employed for the integrated management of business as a whole, from the viewpoint of the effective use of management resources, to improve the aptitude of an enterprise. ERP packages are integrated software packages that support sales management, production management, accounting and financial affairs.ERP SystemManufacturingInventory ManagementSales and DistributionFinanceHuman ResourceLogistics ManagementOperationsQuality ManagementERP Implementation Its relevanceThe basic idea of ERP is to assimilate companys data at some central location or repository where it can be keep an eye oned, matched, and shared across the organization. This data is then used for resource planning within the organization in conjugation with the decision systems. Here, INDO RAMA SYNTHETICS aimed at eliminating wasteful duplication of data with the help of ERP.There are various techniques to improve production and efficiency across an organization such as Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma Quality, Employee Involvement, Factory Automation, etc. These are excellent tools with enormous capabilities to support the business. But one can not achieve the extensive potential of business with these tools and technique unless they are endorse by proper IT strategy, which helps in effective forebode, planning, and scheduling process.ERP carrying into action is derived from factors such as the cost eudaemonia analysis, decision making through pros and cons, defining performance goals, data integrity issues and solutions, defining operational environment and software selection.Business planning, strategy developmentBudgeting and forecastingProduction plan and programmeMat erial requirementWork load calculation and resource planningMonitoring operations and overall execution surgical operation measurement, learning and feedbackFigure 1 ERP-related process in manufacturing industries.Mapping IT strategic initiative to ERPA few essential steps should be taken while deploying ERP in business processVisualization Visualization of need for ERP and impact on production and organization.Strategy formulation Formulation of a strategy for ERP implementation and the need for the organization to respond to the changes.Planning of resources Planning the resources and the overall business.Structuring and prioritization The structuring of the organization and objectives along with prioritization of business initiatives needs to be outlined in detail sooner embarking on ERP.Transition The organization ought to be readied for its transition to ERP paradigm.Deployment Deployment of the system and new technologies. It also includes deployment of new tools.A proper ERP system selection and implementation helps the management to a large extent. There are various phases in the lifecycle of ERP the major parts of which are planning, implementation and operation phases. IT enables communication between various parts of ERP and establishes an integrated ERP system.Understand the product requirementSolution planningDesign phaseSLA presentation and acceptanceImplementation, testingDeliveryOperationPlanImplementOperateFigure 2 ERP project life cycle implementation cut Chain ManagementSupply chain management (SCM) refers to the coordination of activities involved in making and moving a product. SCM encompasses planning and management of all the activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with the extended organizations and channel partners, who can be suppliers, intermediaries, trio party service providers, and nodes. SCM integrates and act as a balancin g agent between tack and demand within and across companies. SCM brings regard as to business in terms of innovation, service, cost, and quality.Innovation It brings value on table through unique technology or new conceptual products. Innovation gives an organization a agonistical edge over other competitors. SCM helps in this process by allowing/producing optimal volume (raw material or products) and also by increasing efficiency, thereby at long last reducing the time to market.Cost An efficient operation with better resource management reduces the overall cost.Service Better service can always suck up guests. It is definitely a competitive advantage and SCM fundamentally contributes to it by its very nature.Quality The quality strategy dictates production of the best-in-the-class products. SCM can also contribute to it through quality control and excellence in production.SCM, ERP and IT Infrastructure are inter-related. ERP begins with the Material Requirement Planning as d epicted in following digit.Using intranets and extranets, all members of the supply chain can instantly communicate with each other, using up-to-date information to adjust purchasing, logistics, manufacturing, packaging, and schedules. A standard set of tools that are used by companies all over the world to coordinate global supply chains that include participants from many countries. followers figure explains intranet and extranet for SCM.Figure 3 Intranets and Extranets for Supply Chain ManagementIntranets integrate information from isolated business processes within the firm to help manage its internal supply chain. Access to these private intranets can also be extended to authorized suppliers, distributors, logistics services, and, sometimes, to retail customers to improve coordination of external supply chain processes.Inventory and buy Management systemMRP(Material Requirement Planning)ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)ERP and SCM within the organizationERP and SCM across o rganizationsFigure 4 Evolution of ERP and SCMThe ERP functions from the perspective of supply chain optimization are shown in following flowchart.Overall process optimizationExpense optimizationRevenue and Profit optimizationLogistics optimizationKnowledge optimizationFigure 5 ERP optimization at various stages of supply chainThe business value of supply chain management systems includesStreamlined supply chain and accurate information.Reduced supply chain costs.Increased sales through accurate product availability.IT plays a very important role in developing various functionalities and building an integrated system. Following figure highlights IT components in ERP, IT infrastructure and resources in SCM. The SCM planning is the input for ERP.Operating systemData warehouseRetail LinkData, account, analysisForecastInventory planERPSCM Manufacturing planningFeedbackSERVERSIntelligent SystemsInternetFigure 6 ERP, IT Infrastructure and resources in SCMclient family ManagementCustomers can be seen as an enterprises most valuable asset, and customer relationship management enable large firms like Indo Rama Synthetics to understand and work with their customers. CRM can also be called a business strategy to select and manage the most valuable customer relationships. It supports effective market, sales and service processes. CRM is the process that manages the fundamental interaction between company and its customers. With the advent of sophisticated relation databases and data-mining techniques, CRM has enabled Indo Rama to specifically target customers to determine what products, services and values they want. CRM necessitates the alignment of initiatives such as e-business, sales burden effectiveness, customer service, customer relationship planning, enterprise resource planning, and supply chain management with customer-accepted value propositions. But to enable CRM to meet the business objectives, it should be backed by IT strategies. The most telling benefit of IT-powered CRM is Return on Investment (ROI). The ROI from CRM typically comes in two forms. The first is cost reductions from increasing the efficiency. For example, when customer data helps an inside sales team maintain productivity levels with fewer resources, cost reductions do result. When the sales agents in the field spend less time manually entering data into slow legacy systems, companies do save time and money.CRM systems capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization, consolidating the data, analyzing the data, and then distributing the results to various systems and customer touch points across the enterprise. A touch point (also known as a contact point) is a method of interaction with the customer, such as telephone, e-mail, customer service desk, conventional mail, Web site, or retail store.CRM systems provide a hit enterprise view of the customer and provide customers with a single view of the company regardless of the touch point the customer uses.Figure 7 Customer Relationship ManagementCRM systems examine customers from a multifaceted perspective. These systems use a set of integrated applications to address all aspects of the customer relationship, including customer service, sales, and marketing.Good CRM systems provide data and analytical tools for determining the financial lifetime value of a customer and customer loyalty and for identifying profitable customers and their needs.Commercial customer relationship management (CRM) software packages range from niche tools that perform limited functions, such as personalizing Web sites for specific customers, to large-scale enterprise applications. The more comprehensive CRM packages contain modules forPartner relationship management (PRM) PRM software uses many of the same data, tools, and systems as customer relationship management to enhance collaboration between a company and its selling partners. It provides a company and its selling partners with the ability to tr ade information and distribute leads and data about customers, integrating lead generation, pricing, promotions, order configurations and availability.Employee relationship management (ERM). ERM software deals with employee issues that are closely related to CRM, such as range objectives, employee performance management, performance-based compensation, and employee training.CRM typically provide software or tools forSales force automation (SFA) SFA modules help sales staff increase their productivity by focusing sales efforts on the most profitable customers. They provide sales prospect and contact information, product information, product configuration capabilities, and sales quote generation capabilities.Customer service Customer service modules provide information and tools to make call centers, help desks, and customer support staff more efficient. They have capabilities for assigning and managing customer service requests and may include Web-based self-service capabilities.Mar keting Marketing modules support direct-marketing campaigns with capabilities for capturing prospect and customer data, qualifying leads, and scheduling and tracking campaign mailings. They include tools for analyzing marketing and customer data-identifying profitable and unprofitable customers, designing products and services to satisfy specific customer needs and interests, and identifying opportunities for cross-selling, up-selling, and bundling. Cross-selling is the marketing of complementary products to customers. Up-selling is the marketing of higher-value products or services to new or existing customers. Bundling is cross-selling in which a combination of products is sold as a bundle at a price lower than the wide-cut cost of the individual products.Figure 8 How CRM supports MarketingCustomer relationship management software provides a single point for exploiters to manage and evaluate marketing campaigns across multiple channels, including e-mail, direct mail, telephone, the Web, and wireless messages.The major CRM products support business processes in sales, service, and marketing, integrating customer information from many different sources. Following figure includes supports for both the operational and analytical aspects of CRM.Figure 9 CRM CapabilitiesCRM software can also be used to increase customer loyalty through customer service by identifying valued customers and providing them with special services or offers.Following process map shows how a best practice for promoting customer loyalty through customer service would be modeled by customer relationship management. The CRM software helps firms identify high-value customers for preferential treatment.Figure 10 Customer Loyalty Management process mapThus, the business value of CRM systems which benefits companies includesIncreased customer satisfactionReduced direct-marketing costsMore effective marketingLower costs for customer acquisition and retentionIncreased sales revenues through iden tifying profitable customersReduced churn rate The churn rate measures the number of customers who stop using or purchasing products or services from a company and is an important indicator of the growth or decline of a firms customer base.Order ProcessingAs soon as the clerk enters the order into the system, system checks the inventory records and finds out whether the features are visible(prenominal) or not. If the menstruum are available, procedures are triggered automatically that willing inform the people in the sales and distribution department and the finance department. The information will contain the details of the items to be shipped, the most economic highroad to the customer and so on. Also, the system will trigger procedures in the financial module so that the cards are sent to the customer. The information is transferred Electronic Data conveyance (EDT) and the payments are received electronically through Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). If the items are not av ailable, then the production-planning module makes a production schedule, which is made available to the production, materials management and plant maintenance modules so that everybody is prepared to start production as per the production schedule. The material requirement planning is done and any item that is not in stock is lucid. If the supplier is connected to the company, the ordering and the associated processes happen electronically. The plant maintenance gets the list of machines required and ensures that all of them are available. Thus, the production of the item goes on without any hitches. An order entered into the ERP system by the order initiation clerk triggers a whole lot of procedures and automatically performs a host of functions. All these processes take only a few minutes to complete.ERP in Order ProcessingAfter the order is received, within a very short period of time the goods are on their way to the customer. If the goods are not readily available, the custo mer is informed about it and is given the delivery schedule. Other than the order entry clerk and the people in the distribution, production and maintenance departments, all the other tasks are done by the system and that too automatically. In a non-ERP environment, these tasks could take days or even weeks to complete. Since the ERP system stores all the data in a central database and since the database is updated by all the modules on a real-time basis, the information available in the database is up-to-the minute. This integration of the different business functions and the automation of the business processes and the availability of information is what make the ERP systems capable of producing dramatic improvements in productivity and profitability. Following flowchart explains the order processIn stock?Finished Goods InventoryNoOrderProduction PlanningMaterial ManagementProductionPlant MaintenanceSales DistributionFinanceInvoice/BillYesFigure 11 Order Processing in an ERP Syst emFinance and CostingThe financial application components of the ERP solutions work hand-in-hand to improve the bottom line and the financial goals of organizations. Financial functionalities are integrated across all business areas and all geographic areas. This integration includes all other modules, from material management to human resources to logistics. Because the ERP system automatically golf links related areas, it eliminates the need to repeat procedures. Data is entered only once. Within the ERP system, all areas work in concert, creating a new level of efficiency in handling financial data.The financial modules of most ERP systems provide financial functionalities and analysis support to thousands of business in many countries across the globe. These ERP systems include not only financial application components, but also Human Resources, Logistics, Business Workflow and links to the internet.Financial modules of most ERP systems will have the following subsystemsFinancia l Accounting General ledger, Accounts Receivable/Payable, Special Ledgers, Fixed Asset Accounting, Legal Consolidation.Investment Management Investment Planning/ Budgeting/ Controlling, Depreciation Forecast/ Simulation/ Calculation.Controlling Overhead Cost Controlling, Activity-Based Costing, Product Cost Accounting, Profitability Analysis.Treasury Cash Management, Market hazard Management, Funds Management.Enterprise Controlling Executive Information System, Business Planning and Budgeting, Profit Center Accounting.Purchasing(Quantity, Value)Sales(Order, Bill) marketer(Payable)Customer(Receivable)Fixed AssetsEmployees(Salary, Wages) commonplace LEDGERFigure 12 General Ledger in ERP Financial Module.Material ManagementThe Material Management module of ERP optimizes all purchasing processes with workflow-driven bear upon functions, enables automated supplier evaluation, lowers procurement and warehousing costs with accurate inventory and warehouse management and integrates invoic e verification. The main modules of Material Management module arePre-purchasing Activities This system supports the complete cycle of bid invitation, award of contract and acceptance of services. The pre-purchasing activities include maintaining a service master database, in which the descriptions of all services that are to be procured can be stored.Requirement CalculationRequisition for QuotationsQuotation EvaluationVendor SelectionVendor RatingsContractsFigure 13 The Pre-purchasing activities modulePurchasing Purchasing system performs tasks like procurement of materials and services, determination of possible sources of supply for a requirement identified by materials planning and control system or arising directly within a user department, monitoring of deliveries and payments to vendors and so on.Vendor Evaluation Vendor evaluation component has been completely integrated into the Material Management module. Information such as delivery dates, prices and quantities can be tak en from purchase orders. Vendor evaluation also uses data from Quality Management, such as the results of incoming inspections or quality audits. It also access basic data in Material Management, such as goods receipt data from Inventory Management. The Vendor Evaluation system supports the optimization of the procurement processes in the case of both materials and services. It provides accurate information on prices, terms of payment and delivery. By evaluating vendors, company can improve competitiveness.Inventory Management Inventory Management system allows company to manage its stocks on a quantity and value basis, plan enter and check any goods movements and carry out physical stocks reflect all transactions resulting in a change in stock and thus, in updated inventory levels. The user can easily obtain an overview of the current stocks of any given material. For each material, not only are the stocks in warehouse shown, but also the stocks ordered but not yet delivered, reser ved for production or for a customer, and the stocks in quality inspection can be monitored.The stocks are managed not only on a quantity basis but also by value-a prerequisite for cost accounting. With every goods movement, the following values are updated assembly line value for inventory managementAccount assignment for cost accountingInvoice Verification and Material Inspection The invoice verification component provides the link between Material Management module and the Financial Accounting, controlling and Asset Accounting components.Invoice verification in Materials Management serves the following purposesIt completes the materials procurement process-which starts with the purchase requisition, continues with the purchasing and goods receipt and ends with the invoice receipt.It allows invoices that do not originate in materials procurement (for example, services, expenses, course costs, etc) to be processed.It allows credit memos to be processed, either as invoice cancellati ons or discounts.Sales and DistributionA Sales and Distribution module will contain the following subsystemsMaster Data Management Every company will have products, customers, and will require raw materials and will have suppliers. The task of the Master Data management module is to keep information about all these entities, so that these can be made available to the decision-makers and also for the automatic generation of reports, contracts, invoices and so on.Order Management This module includes Sales Order Management and Purchase Order Management and supports the entire sales and purchase processes.Warehouse Management Components of a good Warehouse Management application include followingInventory Planning It comprises all planned inventory movements, which enable the accurate forecasting of trends and the consequent adjustment of reordering points, safety stock, lead-times for orders and service levels. Inventory planning also allows the commitment of inventory to a specific c ustomer order-so that customer receives the decently order in the right quantity at the right time.Inventory Handling Allows for monitoring of all warehouse order scenarios such as receipt, issue and transfer of inventory. To ensure fast communication with suppliers and customers, advanced expatriation notifications can be received or sent by means of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI),

Reasons For The Merging Of Companies Economics Essay

Reasons For The Merging Of Companies economicals EssayThere is no doubt that nuclear fusion reactions play a great role in the development of an economy. In this essay, a merger depart be defined as a combination of two corporations in which only angiotensin-converting enzyme corporation survives and the coordinated corporation goes out outliveence (Gaughan, 2007, p. 12). After a merger, the newly-established company will hold two merged companies assets. In this style, mergers offer more(prenominal) chances for companies to become humongousger and stronger. At the same time, customers whitethorn receive better services than those before a merger. However, the topic of mergers motives has long been the subject of debate, as different companies put precedent different reasons to merge. Some of them argon economically sound, while close to of them argon not.In fact, from the current studies, it can be seen that there argon two big types of motives, one is economic motives and the early(a) is non-economic motives. Although some people argue that motives of mergers lie in some non-economic reasons, such as the political reasons, the managers reasons, and so on, other(a)s take a different view and emphasize that beca intake of that the raison dtre of a company is to importanttain wage, most motives of mergers are for sound economic reasons. Thus, this essay is an attempt to argue that the briny motives for mergers are economically sound reasons. It also aims to show the importance of different economic motives, even though some people claim that there are many failures that resulted from those motives. In addition, the ineffectiveness of non-economic motives will also be checked to support the main argument.In order to demonstrate this, this essay will premier focus on the growth motive of mergers. The case of PO and Stena will also be added into the treation. Second, different types of synergism will be illustrated to explain how valid this mo tive is to help companies to become stronger. Third, the electronic freak General Electronic (GE) will be given as a good practice session to discuss the significance of the diversification motive. Fourth, the example of the Exxon-Mobil Oil Company will be used to show some other economic motives. Finally, there will be discussion about some non-economic motives such as agent motives, achievement motives, and political motives and so on, though these are some slight common motives for mergers.2.0 Economic Motives2.1 Faster GrowthIf a company seeks to make a merger with other firms, the most popular motive may be growth. As Denzil (2001) points out, one of the most successful types of merger may be a merger with a growth motive, because it is easy and quick to beat competitors and take the lead in markets. When a company wants to expand, there are several choices internal growth or growth through mergers. Internal growth means companies go to bargain for land and build more fact ories, employ new staff, or search for a market to sell products and so on. This is a long way to go. However, if companies use the method of merging, it will save them much time to do other things such as research and development or market promotion. Moreoer, through merging, companies may easily occupy the market, enlarge the market share, and beat the competitors (DePamphilis, 2003). If mergers occur in different regions, this means companies are improving its fame and becoming more globalised, this means more customers may know about the company, in other words, more potential benefits will move to the company.Although there are a great number of open benefits that companies will face, others disagree with the motive of growth. In their opinion, growth is a difficult goal to achieve and is not a sound economic reason. As Gaughan (2007) indicates, when a company has already accomplished growth in the past, it is difficult for corporate managers to keep growing.However, after ach ieving growth in the past, managers will look for some other ways to keep growing. Among those ways, Mergers could be the fastest and the most efficacious way. Companies do not need to take couples of year to build workshop, and recruit new employees. In addition, with less time to spend, growth via mergers can be gain through the lowest-risk way (DePamphilis, 2003, p. 356). Long time means more uncertainties, which are more risks. How to negate those risks? It is better to spend less time, and complete mergers quickly.As a good example of growth motive, the case of Johnson Johnson should be introduced. Johnson Johnson is one of the biggest manufacturers of health care case in the world. It was established by Johnson and his two brothers in 1986 in New Jersey of United States. At that time, it was a company which only had fourteen workers. In the early 1920s, with the development of businesses, Johnson Johnson began to build branches in other places such as America, Europe, A sia and Africa. However, over the period 1995 to 2005, Johnson Johnson took a series of mergers. by means of those mergers, Johnson Johnson realise gained a greatly fast growth. So far, Johnson Johnson have owned more than 250 subsidiaries in 57 different countries and 115 thousand employees. Its products are available in nearly one hundred seventy-five countries (Stock Johnson Johnson, 2010). The global revenue enhancement of Johnson Johnson in 2008 was 63.7 billion US dollars (JNJ Income Statement, 2009).From the example of Johnson Johnson, we can see, with the development of an increasingly globalized world, growth can be one of the most efficient and fundamental motives of mergers.2.2 Different Types of SynergyAs some other important motive, synergy is the popular choice for companies to make a merger. Synergy means the extra capacity or effectiveness that people or businesses create when they combine their efforts. In mergers, according to DePamphilis (2003), synerg y refers to corporate combination will produce more profits than that the sum of their separate status. Therefore, synergy is often used to explain the phenomenon of 1+1=3. In mergers, this means the combination of two companies may generate ternion companies effect. Just because of this, many companies try their scoop up to seek the opportunities to combine with other corporations.If synergy occurs in mergers, it focuses on two sides to raise the profitable ability of companies revenue enhancements and cost reductions (Gaughan, 2007, p. 133). For example, if Coca Cola make a merger with a fruit producer, as a result, it will save more spending to purchase raw material for its soft drinks. This is called cost reductions. When Coca Cola have gained a lower price of raw material, it can reduce some prices of its drinks. In this way, lower price will make a promotion of its drinks. This is named revenue enhancements. Though the actual fact is more complex than this example, the trut h is the related supposition would be basically the same.Although synergy has enhanced the profitability from revenues and costs, some people do not agree synergy should be a good economic reason for mergers (Gaughan, 2007). From their point of view, the synergy effect can only be described the mergers of companies in the same industry or seller-buyer relationship, and it is not suitable to other diversified mergers.In order to respond this, economies of scope should be introduced as a concept that is confused with economies of scale. Economies of scope can be defined as the ability of a firm to utilize one of set of inputs to provide a broader range of products and services (Gaughan, 2007, p. 129). If a company is able to utilize its workforce, and facilities, synergy also can be achieved. Most failures of mergers with synergy purpose are because of their leaders inefficient management ability and not the motive of synergy.Several examples of mergers prompt by the pursuit of syne rgy have achieved the success. After the 1994 merger between Radisson Diamond Cruises and Seven Seas Cruises, the combined cruise lines began to provide cheaper price of beds and itineraries. This is because, as a result of merger, fewer managers will be needed to maintain the relationship with the same districts travel agencies. Hence, costs reductions are gained. Moreover, with the larger size of company, the fame of company is improving. This enables gross sales force to make a promotion more easily. As a result, more customers will come to enjoy their trips. Therefore, revenue is enhanced by this way (Gaughan, 2007, pp. 127-128). With motive of synergy, companies are not only able to increase its revenue, but also decline its cost. Thus, we may see how valid the synergy motive is.2.3 diversificationWhen a company has already been the bellwether of one industry, managers of the company may consider some diversified merger to expand its size and make more profits. diversificati on provides conditions of expansion by applying companies goodwill in former industry to other different product field, and it can also provide conditions of forming scale effect (DePamphilis, 2003, p. 20). Through diversification, it is foreseeable that companies may have the chance to gain significant earnings, because a new industry means a new opportunity. Opportunity should be the best thing for companies managers. Another side about diversification, as Gaughan (2007) pointed out, is that companies may obtain continuous matched advantage. This is because if General Electronic can hardly sell its soldiers products to armies in a peaceful time, but it can also seek profitable opportunities in other field such as insurance, healthcare, plastics, energy, and so on. This is the surmise about continuous competitive advantages. As long as a company becomes a diversified one, it will acquire the privilege of enjoying continuous competitive advantage.Compared with its positives, one accusation for diversification as not a valid economic reason is that there are some potential risks when companies expand into another industry. If companies cant handle the risks well, it may bring damages to them. A study carried out by Berger and Ofek (1995), using a large audition of firms over the 1986-1991 sample periods, found that diversification caused an average 13% to 15%s loss of firm value. The study also found that the loss of firm value was less than that of when the diversification occurred, and it was not affected by firm size.However, some evidence suggest diversification do not directly lessen firms value. One pay researcher, Villalonga, believes that the diversification entailment is because of incorrect use of data of several researchers (Villalonga, 2004, cited in Gaughan, 2007, p143). As Gaughan (2007) points outThe data used by those researchers were artificially restricted by Financial Accounting Standards Board rendering of segments as well as requirem ents that only segments that constitute 10% or more of a companys business are required to be reported. Using a data source that is not affected by this problem, Villalonga finds a diversification premium, as opposed to a discount (Gaughan, 2007, p143).Although there are many companies that have suffered failures at diversification, others argue that they have achieved great success with mergers at diversification. The most successful example is General electric (GE). Unlike its name, now GE is no longer an electric company. Through a series of mergers at diversification, GE has become a diversified giant with subroutines insurance, television stations, plastics, medical equipment, and so on. Especially during the 1980s and 1990s, during the fourth merger wave, GE had made a great number of Mergers with various companies, and it has benefited importantly from those combinations (Gaughan, 2007, p. 137).In short, although mergers with diversification might have potential risks to th e newly combined company, more diversified mergers may provide a big market for companies to make profits as what GE have gained.2.4 Other Economic MotivesThere are two sound other types of economic motives for mergers horizontal integration and upended integration. Generally, in horizontal integration, market power and market share are raised through mergers. While in vertical integration, both merged firms have a buyer-seller relationship, hence, the combination may provide a dependable source of supply and lower costs advantage (Gaughan, 2007, pp. 145-155).In horizontal integration, market power gestates for the leadership of a market (DePamphilis, 2003, p. 69). Sometimes, market power may gain from market share, and it is well-known that market share may easily gain as a consequence of horizontal integration. Once market power is achieved by one company, all the other rivals in the same market will believably be affected. Their pricing strategy, promotion plan, product resea rch and development and so on will probably all follow with the leader of the market. This is similar to the line of Nokia in the Mobile Phone industry. However, in a vertical integration, both merged companies will benefit from the integration. One company will not broken about the sales of its products, and the other will not be concerned with the source of its raw materials.However, there has been a debate that both horizontal integration and vertical integration may bring several negatives to the market and consumers. One of the most being criticized is monopoly competition (DePamphilis, 2003, p. 24). After mergers, the power of merged companies will arise bigger. Thus, the organise of the industry will tend to monopoly, which means merged companies may beat others using pricing strategy and the public will pay significantly for this.Although, sometimes, when this situation happens, government will release various policies to prevent this situation from continuing. This is the reason why Coca Cola failed to merge with one of Chinas biggest juice companies, Huiyuan succus Group. In 2009, Coca Cola planed to purchase Huiyuan Juice with 2.4 billion US dollars. This deal was blocked by Chinas ministry of commerce with the reason that Coke might horror its dominant position in Chinas soft drinks industry (Sundeep Tucker, 2009). However, most of the time, as long as companies will not affect markets and customers by means of some illegal ways, government wont stop these mergers.In fact, the worlds largest Oil Company, Exxon-Mobil Oil Company, comes from a merger. In 1998, there was a megamerger in the Oil industry. Exxon announced its merger with the Mobil Oil Company. At that time, both two companies were the leading companies in the Oil industry. After merging, in order to achieve the synergistic gains, the companies need to successfully contain its resources. As a result, this merger was extremely successful. Two years later, the combined Exxon-Mobil a nnounced that the merger saved them approximately $4.8 billion which is high than the estimated $3.8 billion. With successful operation of the following years, in 2006, Exxon-Mobil announced its highest annual profits that the firms annual profits in 2005 were $36 billion and its sales were $371 billion. Exxon-Mobil became the largest company in the world (Gaughan, 2007, p. 146).From the example of Exxon-Mobil and discussion above, we could see that no matter horizontal integration or vertical integration, those economic motives will be beneficial to merged companies. Therefore, these economic motives are the sound motives for mergers.3.0 Non-economic MotivesThere are several non-economic motives which exist in mergers such as power motives, achievement motives, and political motives and so on. Most of the time, these motives only exist in the mind of managers of merged companies. Therefore, it is less sound for researchers to pay attention to them as motives for mergers.3.1 Power Motives and Achievement MotivesPower motives refer to the peoples pursuit of control over others by means of increasing source of power, and this is particularly serious in some top managers in merged companies (Schmalt, 1987, cited in Carsten Lausberg and Teresa Stahl, 2008, p.6). With the possibility of a higher position through mergers, it is no wonder that these managers will often support the proposal of mergers. Usually, after mergers, these newly combined companies will have a bigger size. More workers will add into different teams or departments for mangers to supervise. These things are what the managers seek for. Through this way, they have got a continuous increase of power.It is common to see that a person will be judged successful or unsuccessful by various criterions. Hence, achievements become the most vital thing for some managers. Since it may be the fastest and most efficient way to enlarge companies size and improve companies value though mergers, most managers wh o have the achievement motive will let companies go to merge. Furthermore, merger is a highly complex and energy consuming thing and people will recognize the managers of successful mergers. Therefore, a person with a strong achievement motive will take the risk of pushing companies to merge (Carsten Lausberg and Teresa Stahl, 2008, p.7).However, the reason why these two motives and motives like that are not main reasons for companies mergers is that, in nowadays companies, decisions are made by the whole members of the Board. Any single man could hardly affect the entire Board of directors opinions about decisions boot out for family firms or totally private companies. In addition, according to Gaughan (2007), mergers often take place in companies that have a good corporate governance structure and a clear responsibilities right of shareholders, board of directors, board of supervisors, managers. Hence, it is less common to see mergers with these personal motives.3.2 Political Mot ivesIt is difficult to find one accurate definition for political motives. In general, however, people regards political motive as a motive which aims to serve for politics. Sometimes, politicians need more economic successes to earn more votes. For instance, in order to enable the Chinese people to enjoy more about the telecom service, in 2008 the Chinese government decided to make several mergers among the half dozen largest state-owned telecom companies including China Mobile, China Unicom, China Telecom, China Netcom, China Tietong, and China Satcom (Xinhua News Agency, 2008).However, it is hard to see mergers with political motives. This is because, primarily, political motives mergers often occur in the countries which have a similar political system like China. There are less of them in the world. Secondly, even though this situation happens, the core of a merger with a political motive is also the economic success. Hence, the political motive is, actually, an economic motiv e.Non-economic motives can either be some personal motives or the alias of economic motives, thus, they will not be seen as the sound motives.4.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, this essay has attempted to demonstrate that economic motives are the main reasons for different companies mergers. Despite the fact that some people argue that there are some potential risks among these economic reasons, focusing on negatives, the positives of these economic motives stand out. Furthermore, it is also true that various successful examples have shown the importance of these economic motives that have been discussed above. This is why, in recent years, more and more researchers have put their effort to study the topic of MA. Economic motives are not only the first step of merging, but the root of mergers, although, in the process of a merger, there will a great amount of works to be done in future.Currently, after the global financial crisis, there is another trend for companies seeking for mergers. How to overturn the potential risks of these economic motives and transfer them to the real profits is an issue that is open to question.

Femininity And The World Of Semiotics Cultural Studies Essay

Femininity And The World Of Semiotics Cultural Studies EssaySemiotics is the doctrine of signs. Signs take the form of anything that familiarity invests meaning into. Such signs as words, images, sounds, odours, flavours, spiels or objects only become signs when they atomic number 18 interpreted as having meaning (Chandler, 2009). Roland Barthes was a French theorist who had a study contribution to structuralist semioticals. His contribution was to extend the idea of the sign into allegory. He later moved towards a post-structuralist view. Barthes began to read culture from a mythic perspective, where myths were seen as connotations. (Bignell, 2002, p58)Ursula, in the film the Little Mermaid, is portrayed as a villain collectable to her resistance against the discourse of muliebrity. The discourse of femininity is the social constructions that dictate how women are judge to behave and look. Ursula desires ability, which is not considered a conventional feminine trait. This p ositions the audience to see her as a villain. The film creators have specifically chosen ein truththing about Ursula. The filmmakers are aware of the connotations associated with femininity. They have used this knowledge to create Ursula as a villain. Her image, grammatical gender performance and her interaction with animals are all individual signs of her rebellion against femininity.Barthes earlier adopted Louis Hjelmslevs notion of orders of signification. (Chandler, 2009) After Barthe had extended the sign he began to read culture through a mythical perspective where he linked myths with connotations and ideologies. The semiotic interpretation of a myth differs to the preexisting definition of a myth being false. Myths help to make sense of experiences within a culture. A myth to Barthes supports ideologies and relates to social realities (Bignell, 2002, p58). A myths function is to make dominant cultural and historical values, attitudes and beliefs seem entirely natural and t rue reflections of the representation things are (Chandler, 2009). Barthes linked myths and ideologies very closely as he also defined ideologies as reinforcing the existing system as appearing natural and acceptable to golf-club (Bignell, 2002, p58). Barthes believed visual signs in media are used to trigger a range of connotations attached to the sign and that connotations came from our social experiences. (Allen, 2003, p42) Barthes believed when signs and connotations were brought together they shaped a particular message. (Bignell, 2002, p58).Ursulas image is associated with unfeminine connotations. either detail of Ursulas image, from her clothing to her weight represents a desire for power and resistance against femininity. This positions the audience to view Ursula as a villain due to the myth society holds regarding femininity. These myths are automatically accepted by society, as we believe the connotations associated with these signs are true reflections of reality. Par ents and authoritative figures encourage young girls from an early age to speak and act in ways which displays their femininity. Behaviour like wearing frilly dresses is a symbol for appearing weaker and less aggressive than boys (Larner, 2009). Ursula wears a black revealing dress, which refers to her strength, aggression, and power that goes against femininity. Ursula has sharp angular features that she highlights with heavy eye make up, which is a symbol of an unnatural woman. (Stoll, 2005) Ursula is an overweight character who shakes her hips and moves in an exaggerated and sluggish manner. She is languid, lacy and floppish. (Stoll, 2005) lowering characters in Disney films have negative connotations associated with them. They are considered ugly, unpleasant, lazy and un- married (Towbin, Haddock, Zimmerman, Lund, Tanner, 2004). These connotations come from the myth that attractive women need protection because they are helpless and are consequently more likely to marry. (Towb in, et al., 2004). Ursulas copper is a disruption to the image of femininity. She has short, bleached and butch hairs-breadth. (Mallan, 2000) Feminine characters are usually represented as having long, flowing hair that is often seen as sensual. Therefore Ursulas short hair is associated with resisting the discourse of femininity. Throughout the film, Ursulas image is associated with suspense and tension. (Stoll, 2005) Each time the viewer sees Ursula they are reminded she is the villain who brings malevolent upon others. As Barthe suggests the visual signs within The Little Mermaid trigger connotations associated with femininity. These signs and connotations create a message that Ursula is a villain due to her desire for power, which is represented through her image.Ursula is conveyed as a villain through here gender performance. Gender performance, according to Judith Baxter, is the term that argues that gender norms are constructed by society. She suggests that as much as femi ninity is about image, femininity is an act and does not automatically come with pistillate genitalia (Frus, P. Williams, C. 2010, p201). Performance is about the repetition of gestures, words, acts and desires. Ursula tries to teach Ariel how to preform woman by bumping her hips through sexual gestures while speaking the words dont underestimate carcass language. Her gestures and words refer to the connotations of sexually perversity and promiscuity, which is controversial to the image of femininity. Ursulas performance points the gulf between the female body of the performer and her masculine persona. Ursula is parallel to John Waters transvestite diva character, Divine. Divine was a drag queen that had a monstrous figure and attempted to resemble a female. (Hallam, 2009) This false female who conveyed masculine acts and gestures did not fool the audiences. This is parallel to Ursulas character whose overly phallic body represents sexual perversity. The fact Ursula is sexually aware displays her masculine traits, as feminine characters in Disney films are often seen as innocent and unaware of sexuality. The innocent female ideology is reinforced through The Little Mermaid. This demonstrates Ursula is unacceptable to society because she resists this ideology. Desires are a contributing factor to gender performance. Ursula desires patriarchal authority rather than a marriage, which is an unconventional feminine trait that destabilizes gender. In accordance with Barthes theory of semiotics, and the connotations and signs associated with Ursulas performance it is evident that Ursula is an unfeminine character, who for this very reason, is portrayed as a villain.The way animals react and engage with Ursula conveys her villainous behavior and her rebellion against femininity. Wicked women in Disney films are often considered antisocial and are associated with ugly animal helpers who take pleasure in disastrous events. (Bell, Haas, Sells, 1995) Flotsam and Jet sam are Ursulas assistants. These characters demonstrate Ursulas desire for power. Her assistants appear to dedicate their life to her and display no evidence of a life of their own. Ursula fails to show gratitude towards her assistants. These two characters do wicked odd jobs Ursula doesnt want to do. They are inferior characters, yet essential to the portrayal of Ursula. (Stoll, )Ursula steals Ariels voice with the help of her accomplices. Ursula attempts to lure the prince into marrying however she fails, as the surrounding animals are not fooled by her false femininity. Her attempt to usurp male power fails and she is punished and humiliated. The animals degrade Ursula in a performance at the altar. Birds fly between her outspread legs, starfish smack her face and the princes dog bites her behind (Zuk, 1998). The animals hatred towards Ursula is highlighted by their love for Ariel. All women are expected to be caring from birth and desire a family. Ursula displays no caring attr ibutes towards others and is a self indulged woman. Women are subconsciously warned of the negative consequences of stepping outside feminine sex roles as the stereotypical female is expected to be biologically maternal. This myth refers to the expectation that feminine women are expected to care and nurture animals and have an automatic stick by with them. The way Ursula treats her assistants, Flotsam and Jetsam is an accurate portrayal of Ursula. The way the animals react around Ursula also highlights her wickedness, as they feel hatred towards her and are also restrained of her power. As Barthe suggests, the signs and connotations associated with Ursulas interaction with other characters portrays her as a villain.Ursula resists the discourse of femininity through her image, gender performance and her interaction with animals. Ursulas image resists femininity through her Clothing, weight, hair and make up. The connotations associated with each of these reinforce that Ursula is n egatively different from the other female characters and is therefore a villain. Gender performance includes gestures, desires and words. Ursula fails at feminine performance due to her sexual awareness, which is demonstrated through her gestures and words. Her desire is to have patriarchal power over the human and underwater world is considered a male and villainous trait. The way animals react to Ursula shows her true villainous nature and unfeminine qualities. Her accomplices Flotsam and Jetsam are essential to the portrayal of Ursula as they add to her wickedness. As Barthe suggests the signs and connotations within Ursulas image, gender performance and her interaction with animals have shaped the message that Ursula is a villain due to her resistance against femininity.

Forget My Face :: essays research papers

Forget my face. I belong in London. Forget my name and capture this as goodbye. No, I result not put a fight, my will for living has died. Ive been living a lie. I am a lie. Im trite and cheap. I have five dollars and a couple coins with me. If I celebrate living a lie, then I might as well be paralyzed. Lies are truths never born. So when I board the plane take it as my rebirth. A twelve hour flight in the womb over lonely seas and if by chance this plane was to go down Id rolling up in my polyester seat and turn as white as a premature baby. But if luck goes my way Ill be delivered safely into England as healthy as a new born baby boy. The airports bustling and my feet are moving faster than Im thinking. Through heavy metal doors I musical note into the streets slick with rain. As I smell the cool air, my lungs transpire London. With each sense intruiged Im reborn and anxious for what comes next. Im as healthy as Ive ever been, Im active as Las Vegas night-life and its only te n AM. Alone I walk down a road with green scenery. A sky so plain and trees so green. Arriving at the house I took for rent Ive realized Ill never miss my bed. Too many nights its caught my tears and its caving in from memories of you and me. A new bed will provide new comfort in a new city Id corresponding to call my home. Out in town Im not a forienger, Im like a local and Im more light hearted than Ive ever felt. Its been six months and Ive seen Big Ben and I sit down upon the London Eye where I met this beautiful boy. He was flaccid as he told me his name and he took a seat next to me. On our 4th time revolving over the sea hed asked me out for coffee. This boy was clever. As we reached our 3rd cup of coffee we sat and learned about eachother. As time when on each coffee kept us awake and we sat until the early morning talking about English history. The Virgin Queen was recognized and pilgrimage was condoned. We went through all of Shakespeares plays and recited our favorite lines.

The Meaning of Heart of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate Essay

The Meaning of marrow of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate Since its offspring in 1899, Joseph Conrads knocker of Darkness has rarely been disputed on the basis of its literary merits in fact, it was long seen as one of the great novels of the burgeoning red-brick era, a sort of bridge between the values and storytelling styles of the waning Victorian period and those of the modern era (Gatten), and regarded a high-ranking space amidst the great writings of the century, if not the millennia (Mitchell 20). Conrads literary masterpiece manages references to other great literature, universal themes which cut to the heart of philosophical questions of the innate goodness or evil of man, and diachronic references such as the Belgium and Roman empires (Kuchta 160), among other accomplishments, and so has garnered a lexicon all its own in the annals of literary criticism, debate, and analysis. Much consideration given Heart centers around a pivotal concern of the era in which it was written that of what, in hindsight, were the early death rattles of the heyday of European colonialism, specifically in Africa. there is some debate amongst critics as to whether the novel, ultimately, is a morality tale about human greed, power, and evil (one could toss in deceit, cowardice, and a host of psychological considerations as well), or more a sociological commentary upon the morality of colonialism and imperialism from the point of view of a highly disillusioned expatriate moody agent for the empire, turned anti-imperialist (the character of Marlow in the novel Conrad himself, in spite of his best efforts to disguise his input behind characterization) (Films for Humanities and Sciences). The truth is almost certainly, ... ...erald. Teaching the Politics of Heart of Darkness. An Introduction to Literature. Terry, Joseph. New York, NY Longman, 2001. 1691-1692Kuchta, Todd. Envisioning Africa Racism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. Victoria n Studies 44 (1 October, 2001) 159.Mitchell, Angus. New Light on the Heart of Darkness. History Today declination 1999 p20-28.Mwikisa , Peter. Conrads image of Africa Recovering African voices in Heart of Darkness. Mots Pluriels April 2000. Ngugi Wa Thing. Writers in Politic A Re-engagement with Issues in Literature and Society. Revised and enlarged ed. Nairobi, Oxford and Portsmouth mob Currey,East African Educational Publishers and Heinemann, 1981. Zeger, Barry. Sometimes a Cigar is a Large Black Phallus. Spy Magazine July/August 1996 13.

The Crucilbe: Theater Project. Includes Directorial, Set, Sound, And C

I chose Arthur Millers The Crucible because of the plots dark history and suspense. Also because of the plays locution of McCarthyism. The so called witch-hunts for communist brought on by Senator Joseph. The play is set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692, where suspicions of witchcraft were floating around the t hold air. performance 1 starts out in early spring and stopping points in Act 4 when it is late fall. The play opens with Betty Parris sick in bed, and Reverend Parris tending to her, and wondering what made her so sick. curtly Abigail Williams saunters in, and through much probing, Reverend Parris eventually finds out that she, Tituba, Susanna Walcott and Betty were all involved together in a secret practicing of witchcraft. Abigail tells of a dance around a cauldron in the woods, and says that was all that happened. But, when Reverend Parris reveals how he was in the woods at that particular time, and saw the dances, Abigail gradually explains what went on, while leaving h erself out as the main practitioner. She says she was forced into it all by the other girls and Tituba. Now the stage is set for a variety of unexpected accusations, scandals and tribulations.The main characters are Abigial Williams, the trouble manufacturer of the play, is the niece of Reverend Parris. Though only 13 years old she manages to get the whole village in an uproar. With the help of the other girls in the village, she fools the Salem council into opinion that the devil has inhabited certain citizens. Reverend Parris is the minister for Salem. He is a paranoid, power hungry man. He is more concerned about his reputation than his fille and nieces souls when the first rumors of witchcraft get under way. However, he quickly learns to take advantage of the witch craze for his own personal gain.John Proctor had an social function with Abigail when she was his household servant. He hates hypocrisy, and his hidden sin causes him a great deal of lesson anguish. He hesitates to expose Abigail as a fraud because he knows his own conscience is unclean. He does not try to expose her as a liar until it is too late. He is accused of witchcraft and convicted. He suffers a moral dilemma over the decision to confess or not to confess to witchcraft. He confessed his affair before Danforth and Hathorne because he refuses to a... ...o show that she was a servant and wasnt clothed in the same clothes as her masters.Last is big(a). This play didnt have any chances for back ground music except for the end of each act. The ending song for Act 1 is called Pulse which is performed by The Kroumata Percussion Ensamble located on the C.D. The 2nd Construction. It contains light xylophone, snare drum, middle ear and bells. Act 2 opens with the living room and Elizabeth singing in the back ground. It also had a fire place so I wanted the sound of the fire crackling randomly through the scene. Then we hear the neighing of a horse and John monitoring device arrives.Act 3 e nds with the uproar from John proctor and I chose another piece from The Kroumata Percussion Ensamble entitled Soldiers Song which is a series of drum rolls, base drum crashes and timpani rolls. Act 4 leads us to the jail cell where the fall moon is shining through the window and the sounds of frogs and crickets can be heard. The scene ends with John being taken away to the hallows. For this scene I wanted a constant percussion ensemble of sounds and to get increasingly louder as the curtain falls.